1. Introduction

This section is not normative.

CSS 2.1 defined four layout modes — algorithms which determine the size and position of boxes based on their relationships with their sibling and ancestor boxes:

• block layout, designed for laying out documents

• inline layout, designed for laying out text

• table layout, designed for laying out 2D data in a tabular format

• positioned layout, designed for very explicit positioning without much regard for other elements in the document

This module introduces a new layout mode, flex layout, which is designed for laying out more complex applications and webpages.

1.1. Overview

This section is not normative.

Flex layout is superficially similar to block layout. It lacks many of the more complex text- or document-centric properties that can be used in block layout, such as floats and columns. In return it gains simple and powerful tools for distributing space and aligning content in ways that web apps and complex web pages often need. The contents of a flex container:

• can be laid out in any flow direction (leftwards, rightwards, downwards, or even upwards!)

• can have their display order reversed or rearranged at the style layer (i.e., visual order can be independent of source and speech order)

• can be laid out linearly along a single (main) axis or wrapped into multiple lines along a secondary (cross) axis

• can “flex” their sizes to respond to the available space

• can be aligned with respect to their container or each other on the secondary (cross)

• can be dynamically collapsed or uncollapsed along the main axis while preserving the container’s cross size

Here’s an example of a catalog where each item has a title, a photo, a description, and a purchase button. The designer’s intention is that each entry has the same overall size, that the photo be above the text, and that the purchase buttons are aligned at the bottom, regardless of the length of the item’s description. Flex layout makes many aspects of this design easy:

• The catalog uses flex layout to lay out rows of items horizontally, and to ensure that items within a row are all equal-height. Each entry is then itself a column flex container, laying out its contents vertically.

• Within each entry, the source document content is ordered logically with the title first, followed by the description and the photo. This provides a sensible ordering for speech rendering and in non-CSS browsers. For a more compelling visual presentation, however, order is used to pull the image up from later in the content to the top, and align-self is used to center it horizontally.

• An auto margin above the purchase button forces it to the bottom within each entry box, regardless of the height of that item’s description.

#deals {
  display: flex;        /* Flex layout so items have equal height  */
  flex-flow: row wrap;  /* Allow items to wrap into multiple lines */
}
.sale-item {
  display: flex;        /* Lay out each item using flex layout */
  flex-flow: column;    /* Lay out item’s contents vertically  */
}
.sale-item > img {
  order: -1;            /* Shift image before other content (in visual order) */
  align-self: center;   /* Center the image cross-wise (horizontally)         */
}
.sale-item > button {
  margin-top: auto;     /* Auto top margin pushes button to bottom */
}

<section id="deals">
  <section class="sale-item">
    <h1>Computer Starter Kit</h1>
    <p>This is the best computer money can buy, if you don’t have much money.
    <ul>
      <li>Computer
      <li>Monitor
      <li>Keyboard
      <li>Mouse
    </ul>
    <img src="images/computer.jpg"
         alt="You get: a white computer with matching peripherals.">
    <button>BUY NOW</button>
  </section>
  <section class="sale-item">
    …
  </section>
  …
</section>

Computer Starter Kit

This is the best computer money can buy, if you don’t have much money.

• Computer
• Monitor
• Keyboard
• Mouse

Printer

Only capable of printing ASCII art.

• Paper and ink not included.

BUY NOW

BUY NOW

1.2. Module interactions

This module extends the definition of the display property [CSS2], adding a new block-level and new inline-level display type, and defining a new type of formatting context along with properties to control its layout. None of the properties defined in this module apply to the ::first-line or ::first-letter pseudo-elements.

The CSS Box Alignment Module extends and supersedes the definitions of the alignment properties (justify-content, align-items, align-self, align-content) introduced here.

1.3. Value Definitions

This specification follows the CSS property definition conventions from [CSS2] using the value definition syntax from [CSS-VALUES-3]. Value types not defined in this specification are defined in CSS Values & Units [CSS-VALUES-3]. Combination with other CSS modules may expand the definitions of these value types.

In addition to the property-specific values listed in their definitions, all properties defined in this specification also accept the CSS-wide keywords as their property value. For readability they have not been repeated explicitly.

2. Flex Layout Box Model and Terminology

A flex container is the box generated by an element with a computed display of flex or inline-flex. In-flow children of a flex container are called flex items and are laid out using the flex layout model.

Unlike block and inline layout, whose layout calculations are biased to the block and inline flow directions, flex layout is biased to the flex directions. To make it easier to talk about flex layout, this section defines a set of flex flow–relative terms. The flex-flow value and the writing mode determine how these terms map to physical directions (top/right/bottom/left), axes (vertical/horizontal), and sizes (width/height).

main axis

main dimension

The main axis of a flex container is the primary axis along which flex items are laid out. It extends in the main dimension.

main-start

main-end

The flex items are placed within the container starting on the main-start side and going toward the main-end side.

main size

main size property

The main size of a flex container or flex item refers to its width or height, whichever is in the main dimension. Its main size property is either its width or height property, whichever is in the main dimension. Likewise, its min and max main size properties are its min-width/max-width or min-height/max-height properties, whichever are in the main dimension, and determine its min/max main size.

In flex layout, the main size is controlled by the flex property rather than directly by the main size property.

Note: This means any references to a flex item’s used size in the main dimension (width, height, inline size, block size) refers to its post-flexing main size.

cross axis

cross dimension

The axis perpendicular to the main axis is called the cross axis. It extends in the cross dimension.

cross-start

cross-end

Flex lines are filled with items and placed into the container starting on the cross-start side of the flex container and going toward the cross-end side.

cross size

cross size property

The cross size of a flex container or flex item refers to its width or height, whichever is in the cross dimension. Its cross size property is either its width or height property, whichever is in the cross dimension. Likewise, its min and max cross size properties are its min-width/max-width or min-height/max-height properties, whichever are in the cross dimension, and determine its min/max cross size.

Additional sizing terminology used in this specification is defined in CSS Intrinsic and Extrinsic Sizing. [CSS-SIZING-3]

3. Flex Containers: the flex and inline-flex display values

flex

This value causes an element to generate a flex container box that is block-level when placed in flow layout.

Tests

• display-flex-001.htm (live test) (source)

inline-flex

This value causes an element to generate a flex container box that is inline-level when placed in flow layout.

Tests

A flex container establishes a new flex formatting context for its contents. This is the same as establishing a block formatting context, except that flex layout is used instead of block layout. For example, floats do not intrude into the flex container, and the flex container’s margins do not collapse with the margins of its contents. Flex containers form a containing block for their contents exactly like block containers do. [CSS2] The overflow property applies to flex containers.

Flex containers are not block containers, and so some properties that were designed with the assumption of block layout don’t apply in the context of flex layout. In particular:

• float and clear do not create floating or clearance of flex item, and do not take it out-of-flow.

• vertical-align has no effect on a flex item.

• the ::first-line and ::first-letter pseudo-elements do not apply to flex containers, and flex containers do not contribute a first formatted line or first letter to their ancestors.

If an element’s specified display is inline-flex, then its display property computes to flex in certain circumstances: the table in CSS 2.1 Section 9.7 is amended to contain an additional row, with inline-flex in the "Specified Value" column and flex in the "Computed Value" column.

4. Flex Items

Loosely speaking, the flex items of a flex container are boxes representing its in-flow contents.

Each in-flow child of a flex container becomes a flex item, and each contiguous sequence of child text runs is wrapped in an anonymous block container flex item. However, if the entire sequence of child text runs contains only document white space characters (i.e. characters that can be affected by the white-space property) it is instead not rendered (just as if its text nodes were display:none).

<div style="display:flex">

    <!-- flex item: block child -->
    <div id="item1">block</div>

    <!-- flex item: floated element; floating is ignored -->
    <div id="item2" style="float: left;">float</div>

    <!-- flex item: anonymous block box around inline content -->
    anonymous item 3

    <!-- flex item: inline child -->
    <span>
        item 4
        <!-- flex items do not split around blocks -->
        <q style="display: block" id=not-an-item>item 4</q>
        item 4
    </span>
</div>

A flex item establishes an independent formatting context for its contents. However, flex items themselves are flex-level boxes, not block-level boxes: they participate in their container’s flex formatting context, not in a block formatting context.

Note: Authors reading this spec may want to skip past the following box-generation and static position details.

If the computed display value of an element’s nearest ancestor element (skipping display:contents ancestors) is flex or inline-flex, the element’s own display value is blockified. (See CSS2.1§9.7 [CSS2] and CSS Display 3 § 2.7 Automatic Box Type Transformations for details on this type of display value conversion.)

Note: Blockification still occurs even when the flex or inline-flex element does not end up generating a flex container box, e.g. when it is replaced or in a display: none subtree.

Note: Some values of display normally trigger the creation of anonymous boxes around the original box. If such a box is a flex item, it is blockified first, and so anonymous box creation will not happen. For example, two contiguous flex items with display: table-cell will become two separate display: block flex items, instead of being wrapped into a single anonymous table.

In the case of flex items with display: table, the table wrapper box becomes the flex item, so the align-self property applies to it. The contents of any caption boxes contribute to the calculation of the table wrapper box’s min-content and max-content sizes. However, like width and height, the flex longhands apply to the table box as follows: the flex item’s final size is calculated by performing layout as if the distance between the table wrapper box’s edges and the table box’s content edges were all part of the table box’s border+padding area, and the table box were the flex item.

4.1. Absolutely-Positioned Flex Children

As it is out-of-flow, an absolutely-positioned child of a flex container does not participate in flex layout.

The static position of an absolutely-positioned child of a flex container is determined such that the child is positioned as if it were the sole flex item in the flex container, assuming both the child and the flex container were fixed-size boxes of their used size. For this purpose, auto margins are treated as zero.

4.2. Flex Item Margins and Paddings

The margins of adjacent flex items do not collapse.

Percentage margins and paddings on flex items, like those on block boxes, are resolved against the inline size of their containing block, e.g. left/right/top/bottom percentages all resolve against their containing block’s width in horizontal writing modes.

Auto margins expand to absorb extra space in the corresponding dimension. They can be used for alignment, or to push adjacent flex items apart. See Aligning with auto margins.

4.3. Flex Item Z-Ordering

Flex items paint exactly the same as inline blocks [CSS2], except that order-modified document order is used in place of raw document order, and z-index values other than auto create a stacking context even if position is static (behaving exactly as if position were relative).

Note: Descendants that are positioned outside a flex item still participate in any stacking context established by the flex item.

4.4. Collapsed Items

Specifying visibility:collapse on a flex item causes it to become a collapsed flex item, producing an effect similar to visibility:collapse on a table-row or table-column: the collapsed flex item is removed from rendering entirely, but leaves behind a "strut" that keeps the flex line’s cross-size stable. Thus, if a flex container has only one flex line, dynamically collapsing or uncollapsing items may change the flex container’s main size, but is guaranteed to have no effect on its cross size and won’t cause the rest of the page’s layout to "wobble". Flex line wrapping is re-done after collapsing, however, so the cross-size of a flex container with multiple lines might or might not change.

Though collapsed flex items aren’t rendered, they do appear in the formatting structure. Therefore, unlike on display:none items [CSS2], effects that depend on a box appearing in the formatting structure (like incrementing counters or running animations and transitions) still operate on collapsed items.

@media (min-width: 60em) {
  /* two column layout only when enough room (relative to default text size) */
  div { display: flex; }
  #main {
    flex: 1;         /* Main takes up all remaining space */
    order: 1;        /* Place it after (to the right of) the navigation */
    min-width: 12em; /* Optimize main content area sizing */
  }
}
/* menu items use flex layout so that visibility:collapse will work */
nav > ul > li {
  display: flex;
  flex-flow: column;
}
/* dynamically collapse submenus when not targeted */
nav > ul > li:not(:target):not(:hover) > ul {
  visibility: collapse;
}

<div>
  <article id="main">
    Interesting Stuff to Read
  </article>
  <nav>
    <ul>
      <li id="nav-about"><a href="#nav-about">About</a>
        …
      <li id="nav-projects"><a href="#nav-projects">Projects</a>
        <ul>
          <li><a href="…">Art</a>
          <li><a href="…">Architecture</a>
          <li><a href="…">Music</a>
        </ul>
      <li id="nav-interact"><a href="#nav-interact">Interact</a>
        …
    </ul>
  </nav>
</div>
<footer>
…

To compute the size of the strut, flex layout is first performed with all items uncollapsed, and then re-run with each collapsed flex item replaced by a strut that maintains the original cross-size of the item’s original line. See the Flex Layout Algorithm for the normative definition of how visibility:collapse interacts with flex layout.

Note: Using visibility:collapse on any flex items will cause the flex layout algorithm to repeat partway through, re-running the most expensive steps. It’s recommended that authors continue to use display:none to hide items if the items will not be dynamically collapsed and uncollapsed, as that is more efficient for the layout engine. (Since only part of the steps need to be repeated when visibility is changed, however, 'visibility: collapse' is still recommended for dynamic cases.)

4.5. Automatic Minimum Size of Flex Items

Note: The auto keyword, representing an automatic minimum size, is the new initial value of the min-width and min-height properties. The keyword was previously defined in this specification, but is now defined in the CSS Sizing module.

To provide a more reasonable default minimum size for flex items, the used value of a main axis automatic minimum size on a flex item that is not a scroll container is its content-based minimum size; for scroll containers the automatic minimum size is zero, as usual.

The content-based minimum size of a flex item is the smaller of its specified size suggestion and its content size suggestion if its specified size suggestion exists; otherwise, the smaller of its transferred size suggestion and its content size suggestion if the element is replaced and its transferred size suggestion exists; otherwise its content size suggestion. In all cases, the size is clamped by the maximum main size if it’s definite.

The content size suggestion, specified size suggestion, and transferred size suggestion used in this calculation account for the relevant min/max/preferred size properties so that the content-based minimum size does not interfere with any author-provided constraints, and are defined below:

specified size suggestion

If the item’s preferred main size is definite and not automatic, then the specified size suggestion is that size. It is otherwise undefined.

transferred size suggestion

If the item has a preferred aspect ratio and its preferred cross size is definite, then the transferred size suggestion is that size (clamped by its minimum and maximum cross sizes if they are definite), converted through the aspect ratio. It is otherwise undefined.

content size suggestion

The content size suggestion is the min-content size in the main axis, clamped, if it has a preferred aspect ratio, by any definite minimum and maximum cross sizes converted through the aspect ratio.

Note: The content-based minimum size is a type of intrinsic size contribution, and thus the cyclic percentage provisions in CSS Sizing 3 § 5.2 Intrinsic Contributions apply.

For the purpose of calculating an intrinsic size of the box (e.g. the box’s min-content size), a content-based minimum size causes the box’s size in that axis to become indefinite (even if e.g. its width property specifies a definite size). Note this means that percentages calculated against this size will behave as auto.

For other cases, it does not force the box’s size to become indefinite. However, if a percentage resolved against the box’s size before this minimum was applied, it must be re-resolved against the new size after it is applied.

5. Ordering and Orientation

The contents of a flex container can be laid out in any direction and in any order. This allows an author to trivially achieve effects that would previously have required complex or fragile methods, such as hacks using the float and clear properties. This functionality is exposed through the flex-direction, flex-wrap, and order properties.

Note: The reordering capabilities of flex layout intentionally affect only the visual rendering, leaving speech order and navigation based on the source order. This allows authors to manipulate the visual presentation while leaving the source order intact for non-CSS UAs and for linear models such as speech and sequential navigation. See CSS Display 3 § 3.1 Reordering and Accessibility and the Flex Layout Overview for examples that use this dichotomy to improve accessibility.

Authors must not use order or the *-reverse values of flex-flow/flex-direction as a substitute for correct source ordering, as that can ruin the accessibility of the document.

5.1. Flex Flow Direction: the flex-direction property

The flex-direction property specifies how flex items are placed in the flex container, by setting the direction of the flex container’s main axis. This determines the direction in which flex items are laid out.

row

The flex container’s main axis has the same orientation as the inline axis of the current writing mode. The main-start and main-end directions are equivalent to the inline-start and inline-end directions, respectively, of the current writing mode.

row-reverse

Same as row, except the main-start and main-end directions are swapped.

column

The flex container’s main axis has the same orientation as the block axis of the current writing mode. The main-start and main-end directions are equivalent to the block-start and block-end directions, respectively, of the current writing mode.

column-reverse

Same as column, except the main-start and main-end directions are swapped.

Note: The reverse values do not reverse box ordering: like writing-mode and direction [CSS3-WRITING-MODES], they only change the direction of flow. Painting order, speech order, and sequential navigation orders are not affected.

Note: Depending on the value of justify-content, the reverse values of flex-direction can alter the initial scroll position on flex containers that are also scroll containers. See CSS Box Alignment 3 § 5.3 Overflow and Scroll Positions.

5.2. Flex Line Wrapping: the flex-wrap property

The flex-wrap property controls whether the flex container is single-line or multi-line, and the direction of the cross-axis, which determines the direction new lines are stacked in.

nowrap

The flex container is single-line.

wrap

The flex container is multi-line.

wrap-reverse

Same as wrap.

For the values that are not wrap-reverse, the cross-start direction is equivalent to either the inline-start or block-start direction of the current writing mode (whichever is in the cross axis) and the cross-end direction is the opposite direction of cross-start. When flex-wrap is wrap-reverse, the cross-start and cross-end directions are swapped.

Note: Depending on the value of align-content, the wrap-reverse value of flex-wrap can alter the initial scroll position on flex containers that are also scroll containers. See CSS Box Alignment 3 § 5.3 Overflow and Scroll Positions.

5.3. Flex Direction and Wrap: the flex-flow shorthand

The flex-flow property is a shorthand for setting the flex-direction and flex-wrap properties, which together define the flex container’s main and cross axes.

Some examples of valid flows in an English (left-to-right, horizontal writing mode) document:

div { flex-flow: row; } /* Initial value. Main-axis is inline, no wrapping. (Items will either shrink to fit or overflow.) */
div { flex-flow: column wrap; } /* Main-axis is block-direction (top to bottom) and lines wrap in the inline direction (rightwards). */
div { flex-flow: row-reverse wrap-reverse; } /* Main-axis is the opposite of inline direction (right to left). New lines wrap upwards. */

Note that the flex-flow directions are writing mode sensitive. In vertical Japanese, for example, a row flex container lays out its contents from top to bottom, as seen in this example:

English	Japanese
flex-flow: row wrap; writing-mode: horizontal-tb;	flex-flow: row wrap; writing-mode: vertical-rl;

5.4. Item Reordering: the order property

Flex items are, by default, displayed and laid out in the same order as they appear in the source document, which represents their logical ordering. This same order is used in rendering to non-visual media (such as speech), in the default traversal order of sequential navigation modes (such as cycling through links, see e.g. tabindex [HTML]), and when content is represented in non-CSS UAs.

The order property can be used to change flex items’ ordering, laying them out in order-modified document order instead, in order to make their spatial arrangement on the 2D visual canvas differ from their logical order in linear presentations such as speech and sequential navigation. See CSS Display 3 § 3 Display Order: the order property. [CSS-DISPLAY-3]

Note: Since visual perception is two-dimensional and non-linear, the desired box order is not always the same logical order used by non-visual media and non-CSS UAs.

Authors must use order only for visual, not logical, reordering of content. Style sheets that use order to perform logical reordering are non-conforming.

Many web pages have a similar shape in the markup, with a header on top, a footer on bottom, and then a content area and one or two additional columns in the middle. Generally, it’s desirable that the content come first in the page’s source code, before the additional columns. However, this makes many common designs, such as simply having the additional columns on the left and the content area on the right, difficult to achieve. This has been addressed in many ways over the years, often going by the name "Holy Grail Layout" when there are two additional columns. order makes this trivial. For example, take the following sketch of a page’s code and desired layout:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<header>...</header>
<main>
   <article>...</article>
   <nav>...</nav>
   <aside>...</aside>
</main>
<footer>...</footer>

This layout can be easily achieved with flex layout:

main { display: flex; }
main > article { order: 2; min-width: 12em; flex:1; }
main > nav     { order: 1; width: 200px; }
main > aside   { order: 3; width: 200px; }

As an added bonus, the columns will all be equal-height by default, and the main content will be as wide as necessary to fill the screen. Additionally, this can then be combined with media queries to switch to an all-vertical layout on narrow screens:

@media all and (max-width: 600px) {
  /* Too narrow to support three columns */
  main { flex-flow: column; }
  main > article, main > nav, main > aside {
    /* Return them to document order */
    order: 0; width: auto;
  }
}

(Further use of multi-line flex containers to achieve even more intelligent wrapping left as an exercise for the reader.)

6. Flex Lines

Flex items in a flex container are laid out and aligned within flex lines, hypothetical containers used for grouping and alignment by the layout algorithm. A flex container can be either single-line or multi-line, depending on the flex-wrap property:

• A single-line flex container (i.e. one with flex-wrap: nowrap) lays out all of its children in a single line, even if that would cause its contents to overflow.

• A multi-line flex container (i.e. one with flex-wrap: wrap or flex-wrap: wrap-reverse) breaks its flex items across multiple lines, similar to how text is broken onto a new line when it gets too wide to fit on the existing line. When additional lines are created, they are stacked in the flex container along the cross axis according to the flex-wrap property. Every line contains at least one flex item, unless the flex container itself is completely empty.

This example shows four buttons that do not fit side-by-side horizontally, and therefore will wrap into multiple lines.

#flex {
  display: flex;
  flex-flow: row wrap;
  width: 300px;
}
.item {
  width: 80px;
}

<div id="flex">
  <div class="item">1</div>
  <div class="item">2</div>
  <div class="item">3</div>
  <div class="item">4</div>
</div>

Since the container is 300px wide, only three of the items fit onto a single line. They take up 240px, with 60px left over of remaining space. Because the flex-flow property specifies a multi-line flex container (due to the wrap keyword appearing in its value), the flex container will create an additional line to contain the last item.

Once content is broken into lines, each line is laid out independently; flexible lengths and the justify-content and align-self properties only consider the items on a single line at a time.

In a multi-line flex container (even one with only a single line), the cross size of each line is the minimum size necessary to contain the flex items on the line (after alignment due to align-self), and the lines are aligned within the flex container with the align-content property. In a single-line flex container, the cross size of the line is the cross size of the flex container, and align-content has no effect. The main size of a line is always the same as the main size of the flex container’s content box.

Here’s the same example as the previous, except that the flex items have all been given flex: auto. The first line has 60px of remaining space, and all of the items have the same flexibility, so each of the three items on that line will receive 20px of extra width, each ending up 100px wide. The remaining item is on a line of its own and will stretch to the entire width of the line, i.e. 300px.

7. Flexibility

The defining aspect of flex layout is the ability to make the flex items “flex”, altering their width/height to fill the available space in the main dimension. This is done with the flex property. A flex container distributes free space to its items (proportional to their flex grow factor) to fill the container, or shrinks them (proportional to their flex shrink factor) to prevent overflow.

A flex item is fully inflexible if both its flex-grow and flex-shrink values are zero, and flexible otherwise.

7.1. The flex Shorthand

The flex property specifies the components of a flexible size: the flex factors (grow and shrink) and the flex basis. When a box is a flex item, flex is consulted instead of the main size property to determine the main size of the box. If a box is not a flex item, flex has no effect.

<'flex-grow'>

This <number [0,∞]> component sets flex-grow longhand and specifies the flex grow factor, which determines how much the flex item will grow relative to the rest of the flex items in the flex container when positive free space is distributed. When omitted, it is set to 1.

Tests

• flex-001.htm (live test) (source)
• flex-003.htm (live test) (source)

Flex values between 0 and 1 have a somewhat special behavior: when the sum of the flex values on the line is less than 1, they will take up less than 100% of the free space.

An item’s flex-grow value is effectively a request for some proportion of the free space, with 1 meaning “100% of the free space”; then if the items on the line are requesting more than 100% in total, the requests are rebalanced to keep the same ratio but use up exactly 100% of it. However, if the items request less than the full amount (such as three items that are each flex-grow: .25) then they’ll each get exactly what they request (25% of the free space to each, with the final 25% left unfilled). See § 9.7 Resolving Flexible Lengths for the exact details of how free space is distributed.

This pattern is required for continuous behavior as flex-grow approaches zero (which means the item wants none of the free space). Without this, a flex-grow: 1 item would take all of the free space; but so would a flex-grow: 0.1 item, and a flex-grow: 0.01 item, etc., until finally the value is small enough to underflow to zero and the item suddenly takes up none of the free space. With this behavior, the item instead gradually takes less of the free space as flex-grow shrinks below 1, smoothly transitioning to taking none of the free space at zero.

Unless this “partial fill” behavior is specifically what’s desired, authors should stick to values ≥ 1; for example, using 1 and 2 is usually better than using .33 and .67, as they’re more likely to behave as intended if items are added, removed, or line-wrapped.

<'flex-shrink'>

This <number [0,∞]> component sets flex-shrink longhand and specifies the flex shrink factor, which determines how much the flex item will shrink relative to the rest of the flex items in the flex container when negative free space is distributed. When omitted, it is set to 1.

Tests

• flex-002.htm (live test) (source)
• flex-004.htm (live test) (source)

Note: The flex shrink factor is multiplied by the flex base size when distributing negative space. This distributes negative space in proportion to how much the item is able to shrink, so that e.g. a small item won’t shrink to zero before a larger item has been noticeably reduced.

<'flex-basis'>

This component sets the flex-basis longhand, which specifies the flex basis: the initial main size of the flex item, before free space is distributed according to the flex factors.

<'flex-basis'> accepts the same values as the width and height properties (except that auto is treated differently) plus the content keyword:

auto

When specified on a flex item, the auto keyword retrieves the value of the main size property as the used flex-basis. If that value is itself auto, then the used value is content.

content

Indicates an automatic size based on the flex item’s content. (This is typically equivalent to the max-content size, but with adjustments to handle preferred aspect ratios, intrinsic sizing constraints, and orthogonal flows; see details in § 9 Flex Layout Algorithm.)

Note: This value was not present in the initial release of Flexible Box Layout, and thus some older implementations will not support it. The equivalent effect can be achieved by using auto together with a main size (width or height) of auto.

<'width'>

For all other values, flex-basis is resolved the same way as for width and height.

When omitted from the flex shorthand, its specified value is 0.

none

The keyword none expands to 0 0 auto.

The initial values of the flex components are equivalent to flex: 0 1 auto.

Note: The initial values of flex-grow and flex-basis are different from their defaults when omitted in the flex shorthand. This is so that the flex shorthand can better accommodate the most common cases.

A unitless zero that is not already preceded by two flex factors must be interpreted as a flex factor. To avoid misinterpretation or invalid declarations, authors must specify a zero <'flex-basis'> component with a unit or precede it by two flex factors.

7.1.1. Basic Values of flex

This section is informative.

The list below summarizes the effects of the four flex values that represent most commonly-desired effects:

flex: initial

Equivalent to flex: 0 1 auto. (This is the initial value.) Sizes the item based on the width/height properties. (If the item’s main size property computes to auto, this will size the flex item based on its contents.) Makes the flex item inflexible when there is positive free space, but allows it to shrink to its minimum size when there is insufficient space. The alignment abilities or auto margins can be used to align flex items along the main axis.

flex: auto

Equivalent to flex: 1 1 auto. Sizes the item based on the width/height properties, but makes them fully flexible, so that they absorb any free space along the main axis. If all items are either flex: auto, flex: initial, or flex: none, any positive free space after the items have been sized will be distributed evenly to the items with flex: auto.

flex: none

Equivalent to flex: 0 0 auto. This value sizes the item according to the width/height properties, but makes the flex item fully inflexible. This is similar to initial, except that flex items are not allowed to shrink, even in overflow situations.

''flex: <number [1,∞]>''

Equivalent to ''flex: <number [1,∞]> 1 0''. Makes the flex item flexible and sets the flex basis to zero, resulting in an item that receives the specified proportion of the free space in the flex container. If all items in the flex container use this pattern, their sizes will be proportional to the specified flex factor.

By default, flex items won’t shrink below their minimum content size (the length of the longest word or fixed-size element). To change this, set the min-width or min-height property. (See § 4.5 Automatic Minimum Size of Flex Items.)

7.2. Components of Flexibility

Individual components of flexibility can be controlled by independent longhand properties.

Authors are encouraged to control flexibility using the flex shorthand rather than with its longhand properties directly, as the shorthand correctly resets any unspecified components to accommodate common uses.

7.2.1. The flex-grow property

Authors are encouraged to control flexibility using the flex shorthand rather than with flex-grow directly, as the shorthand correctly resets any unspecified components to accommodate common uses.

The flex-grow property sets the flex grow factor to the provided <number>. Negative values are not allowed.

7.2.2. The flex-shrink property

Authors are encouraged to control flexibility using the flex shorthand rather than with flex-shrink directly, as the shorthand correctly resets any unspecified components to accommodate common uses.

The flex-shrink property sets the flex shrink factor to the provided <number>. Negative values are not allowed.

7.2.3. The flex-basis property

Authors are encouraged to control flexibility using the flex shorthand rather than with flex-basis directly, as the shorthand correctly resets any unspecified components to accommodate common uses.

The flex-basis property sets the flex basis. It accepts the same values as the width and height property, plus content.

For all values other than auto and content (defined above), flex-basis is resolved the same way as width in horizontal writing modes [CSS2], except that if a value would resolve to auto for width, it instead resolves to content for flex-basis. For example, percentage values of flex-basis are resolved against the flex item’s containing block (i.e. its flex container); and if that containing block’s size is indefinite, the used value for flex-basis is content. As another corollary, flex-basis determines the size of the content box, unless otherwise specified such as by box-sizing [CSS3UI].

8. Alignment

After a flex container’s contents have finished their flexing and the dimensions of all flex items are finalized, they can then be aligned within the flex container.

The margin properties can be used to align items in a manner similar to, but more powerful than, what margins can do in block layout. Flex items also respect the alignment properties from CSS Box Alignment, which allow easy keyword-based alignment of items in both the main axis and cross axis. These properties make many common types of alignment trivial, including some things that were very difficult in CSS 2.1, like horizontal and vertical centering.

Note: While the alignment properties are defined in CSS Box Alignment [CSS-ALIGN-3], Flexible Box Layout reproduces the definitions of the relevant ones here so as to not create a normative dependency that may slow down advancement of the spec. These properties apply only to flex layout until CSS Box Alignment Level 3 is finished and defines their effect for other layout modes. Additionally, any new values defined in the Box Alignment module will apply to Flexible Box Layout; in other words, the Box Alignment module, once completed, will supersede the definitions here.

8.1. Aligning with auto margins

This section is non-normative. The normative definition of how margins affect flex items is in the Flex Layout Algorithm section.

Auto margins on flex items have an effect very similar to auto margins in block flow:

• During calculations of flex bases and flexible lengths, auto margins are treated as 0.

• Prior to alignment via justify-content and align-self, any positive free space is distributed to auto margins in that dimension.

• Overflowing boxes ignore their auto margins and overflow in the end direction.

Note: If free space is distributed to auto margins, the alignment properties will have no effect in that dimension because the margins will have stolen all the free space left over after flexing.

nav > ul {
  display: flex;
}
nav > ul > #login {
  margin-left: auto;
}

<nav>
  <ul>
    <li><a href=/about>About</a>
    <li><a href=/projects>Projects</a>
    <li><a href=/interact>Interact</a>
    <li id="login"><a href=/login>Login</a>
  </ul>
</nav>

8.2. Axis Alignment: the justify-content property

The justify-content property aligns flex items along the main axis of the current line of the flex container. This is done after any flexible lengths and any auto margins have been resolved. Typically it helps distribute extra free space leftover when either all the flex items on a line are inflexible, or are flexible but have reached their maximum size. It also exerts some control over the alignment of items when they overflow the line.

flex-start

Flex items are packed toward the start of the line. The main-start margin edge of the first flex item on the line is placed flush with the main-start edge of the line, and each subsequent flex item is placed flush with the preceding item.

flex-end

Flex items are packed toward the end of the line. The main-end margin edge of the last flex item is placed flush with the main-end edge of the line, and each preceding flex item is placed flush with the subsequent item.

Tests

• css-box-justify-content.html (live test) (source)

center

Flex items are packed toward the center of the line. The flex items on the line are placed flush with each other and aligned in the center of the line, with equal amounts of space between the main-start edge of the line and the first item on the line and between the main-end edge of the line and the last item on the line. (If the leftover free-space is negative, the flex items will overflow equally in both directions.)

space-between

Flex items are evenly distributed in the line. If the leftover free-space is negative or there is only a single flex item on the line, this value is identical to flex-start. Otherwise, the main-start margin edge of the first flex item on the line is placed flush with the main-start edge of the line, the main-end margin edge of the last flex item on the line is placed flush with the main-end edge of the line, and the remaining flex items on the line are distributed so that the spacing between any two adjacent items is the same.

space-around

Flex items are evenly distributed in the line, with half-size spaces on either end. If the leftover free-space is negative or there is only a single flex item on the line, this value is identical to center. Otherwise, the flex items on the line are distributed such that the spacing between any two adjacent flex items on the line is the same, and the spacing between the first/last flex items and the flex container edges is half the size of the spacing between flex items.

An illustration of the five justify-content keywords and their effects on a flex container with three colored items.

8.3. Cross-axis Alignment: the align-items and align-self properties

Flex items can be aligned in the cross axis of the current line of the flex container, similar to justify-content but in the perpendicular direction. align-items sets the default alignment for all of the flex container’s items, including anonymous flex items. align-self allows this default alignment to be overridden for individual flex items. (For anonymous flex items, align-self always matches the value of align-items on their associated flex container.)

If either of the flex item’s cross-axis margins are auto, align-self has no effect.

Values have the following meanings:

auto

Defers cross-axis alignment control to the value of align-items on the parent box. (This is the initial value of align-self.)

Tests

• align-self-007.html (live test) (source)
• align-self-008.html (live test) (source)
• align-self-009.html (live test) (source)
• align-self-011.html (live test) (source)
• align-self-012.html (live test) (source)

flex-start

The cross-start margin edge of the flex item is placed flush with the cross-start edge of the line.

Tests

• align-items-002.htm (live test) (source)
• align-items-006.html (live test) (source)
• align-self-001.html (live test) (source)

flex-end

The cross-end margin edge of the flex item is placed flush with the cross-end edge of the line.

Tests

• align-items-003.htm (live test) (source)
• align-self-002.html (live test) (source)

center

The flex item’s margin box is centered in the cross axis within the line. (If the cross size of the flex line is less than that of the flex item, it will overflow equally in both directions.)

Tests

• align-items-001.htm (live test) (source)
• align-self-003.html (live test) (source)

baseline

The flex item participates in baseline alignment: all participating flex items on the line are aligned such that their baselines align, and the item with the largest distance between its baseline and its cross-start margin edge is placed flush against the cross-start edge of the line. If the item does not have a baseline in the necessary axis, then one is synthesized from the flex item’s border box.

Tests

• align-items-004.htm (live test) (source)

stretch

If the cross size property of the flex item computes to auto, and neither of the cross-axis margins are auto, the flex item is stretched. Its used value is the length necessary to make the cross size of the item’s margin box as close to the same size as the line as possible, while still respecting the constraints imposed by min-height/min-width/max-height/max-width.

Note: If the flex container’s height is constrained this value may cause the contents of the flex item to overflow the item.

The cross-start margin edge of the flex item is placed flush with the cross-start edge of the line.

Tests

• align-items-005.htm (live test) (source)
• align-self-004.html (live test) (source)
• align-self-005.html (live test) (source)
• css-flexbox-height-animation-stretch.html (manual test) (source)

An illustration of the five align-items keywords and their effects on a flex container with four colored items.

8.4. Packing Flex Lines: the align-content property

The align-content property aligns a flex container’s lines within the flex container when there is extra space in the cross-axis, similar to how justify-content aligns individual items within the main-axis. Note, this property has no effect on a single-line flex container. Values have the following meanings:

flex-start

Lines are packed toward the start of the flex container. The cross-start edge of the first line in the flex container is placed flush with the cross-start edge of the flex container, and each subsequent line is placed flush with the preceding line.

flex-end

Lines are packed toward the end of the flex container. The cross-end edge of the last line is placed flush with the cross-end edge of the flex container, and each preceding line is placed flush with the subsequent line.

center

Lines are packed toward the center of the flex container. The lines in the flex container are placed flush with each other and aligned in the center of the flex container, with equal amounts of space between the cross-start content edge of the flex container and the first line in the flex container, and between the cross-end content edge of the flex container and the last line in the flex container. (If the leftover free-space is negative, the lines will overflow equally in both directions.)

space-between

Lines are evenly distributed in the flex container. If the leftover free-space is negative or there is only a single flex line in the flex container, this value is identical to flex-start. Otherwise, the cross-start edge of the first line in the flex container is placed flush with the cross-start content edge of the flex container, the cross-end edge of the last line in the flex container is placed flush with the cross-end content edge of the flex container, and the remaining lines in the flex container are distributed so that the spacing between any two adjacent lines is the same.

space-around

Lines are evenly distributed in the flex container, with half-size spaces on either end. If the leftover free-space is negative this value is identical to center. Otherwise, the lines in the flex container are distributed such that the spacing between any two adjacent lines is the same, and the spacing between the first/last lines and the flex container edges is half the size of the spacing between flex lines.

stretch

Lines stretch to take up the remaining space. If the leftover free-space is negative, this value is identical to flex-start. Otherwise, the free-space is split equally between all of the lines, increasing their cross size.

Note: Only multi-line flex containers ever have free space in the cross-axis for lines to be aligned in, because in a single-line flex container the sole line automatically stretches to fill the space.

An illustration of the align-content keywords and their effects on a multi-line flex container.

8.5. Flex Container Baselines

In order for a flex container to itself participate in baseline alignment (e.g. when the flex container is itself a flex item in an outer flex container), it needs to submit the position of the baselines that will best represent its contents. To this end, the baselines of a flex container are determined as follows (after reordering with order, and taking flex-direction into account):

first/last main-axis baseline set

When the inline axis of the flex container matches its main axis, its baselines are determined as follows:

1. If any of the flex items on the flex container’s startmost/endmost flex line participate in baseline alignment, the flex container’s first/last main-axis baseline set is generated from the shared alignment baseline of those flex items.

2. Otherwise, if the flex container has at least one flex item, the flex container’s first/last main-axis baseline set is generated from the alignment baseline of the startmost/endmost flex item. (If that item has no alignment baseline parallel to the flex container’s main axis, then one is first synthesized from its border edges.)

3. Otherwise, the flex container has no first/last main-axis baseline set, and one is synthesized if needed according to the rules of its alignment context.

first/last cross-axis baseline set

When the inline axis of the flex container matches its cross axis, its baselines are determined as follows:

1. If the flex container has at least one flex item, the flex container’s first/last cross-axis baseline set is generated from the alignment baseline of the startmost/endmost flex item. (If that item has no alignment baseline parallel to the flex container’s cross axis, then one is first synthesized from its border edges.)

2. Otherwise, the flex container has no first/last cross-axis baseline set, and one is synthesized if needed according to the rules of its alignment context.

When calculating the baseline according to the above rules, if the box contributing a baseline has an overflow value that allows scrolling, the box must be treated as being in its initial scroll position for the purpose of determining its baseline.

When determining the baseline of a table cell, a flex container provides a baseline just as a line box or table-row does. [CSS2]

See CSS Writing Modes 3 § 4.1 Introduction to Baselines and CSS Box Alignment 3 § 9 Baseline Alignment Details for more information on baselines.

9. Flex Layout Algorithm

This section contains normative algorithms detailing the exact layout behavior of a flex container and its contents. The algorithms here are written to optimize readability and theoretical simplicity, and may not necessarily be the most efficient. Implementations may use whatever actual algorithms they wish, but must produce the same results as the algorithms described here.

Note: This section is mainly intended for implementors. Authors writing web pages should generally be served well by the individual property descriptions, and do not need to read this section unless they have a deep-seated urge to understand arcane details of CSS layout.

The following sections define the algorithm for laying out a flex container and its contents.

Note: Flex layout works with the flex items in order-modified document order, not their original document order.

9.1. Initial Setup

1. Generate anonymous flex items as described in § 4 Flex Items.

9.2. Line Length Determination

1. Determine the available main and cross space for the flex items. For each dimension, if that dimension of the flex container’s content box is a definite size, use that; if that dimension of the flex container is being sized under a min or max-content constraint, the available space in that dimension is that constraint; otherwise, subtract the flex container’s margin, border, and padding from the space available to the flex container in that dimension and use that value. This might result in an infinite value.

   For example, the available space to a flex item in a floated auto-sized flex container is:

   • the width of the flex container’s containing block minus the flex container’s margin, border, and padding in the horizontal dimension
   • infinite in the vertical dimension
2. Determine the flex base size and hypothetical main size of each item:
   1. If the item has a definite used flex basis, that’s the flex base size.
   2. If the flex item has ...
      • a preferred aspect ratio,
      • a used flex basis of content, and
      • a definite cross size,
      then the flex base size is calculated from its used cross size and the flex item’s aspect ratio.
   3. If the used flex basis is content or depends on its available space, and the flex container is being sized under a min-content or max-content constraint (e.g. when performing automatic table layout [CSS2]), size the item under that constraint. The flex base size is the item’s resulting main size.
   4. Otherwise, if the used flex basis is content or depends on its available space, the available main size is infinite, and the flex item’s inline axis is parallel to the main axis, lay the item out using the rules for a box in an orthogonal flow [CSS3-WRITING-MODES]. The flex base size is the item’s max-content main size.

      Note: This case occurs, for example, in an English document (horizontal writing mode) containing a column flex container containing a vertical Japanese (vertical writing mode) flex item.

   5. Otherwise, size the item into the available space using its used flex basis in place of its main size, treating a value of content as max-content. If a cross size is needed to determine the main size (e.g. when the flex item’s main size is in its block axis, or when it has a preferred aspect ratio) and the flex item’s cross size is auto and not definite, in this calculation use fit-content as the flex item’s cross size. The flex base size is the item’s resulting main size.
      Tests

      • css-flexbox-img-expand-evenly.html (live test) (source)

   When determining the flex base size, the item’s min and max main sizes are ignored (no clamping occurs). Furthermore, the sizing calculations that floor the content box size at zero when applying box-sizing are also ignored. (For example, an item with a specified size of zero, positive padding, and box-sizing: border-box will have an outer flex base size of zero—and hence a negative inner flex base size.)

   The hypothetical main size is the item’s flex base size clamped according to its used min and max main sizes (and flooring the content box size at zero).

3. Determine the main size of the flex container using the rules of the formatting context in which it participates.
   The automatic block size of a block-level flex container is its max-content size.

   The Block Layout spec should define this equivalency, but it doesn’t exist yet.

9.3. Main Size Determination

1. Collect flex items into flex lines:
   • If the flex container is single-line, collect all the flex items into a single flex line.
   • Otherwise, starting from the first uncollected item, collect consecutive items one by one until the first time that the next collected item would not fit into the flex container’s inner main size (or until a forced break is encountered, see § 10 Fragmenting Flex Layout). If the very first uncollected item wouldn’t fit, collect just it into the line.

     For this step, the size of a flex item is its outer hypothetical main size. (Note: This can be negative.)

     Repeat until all flex items have been collected into flex lines.

     Note that the "collect as many" line will collect zero-sized flex items onto the end of the previous line even if the last non-zero item exactly "filled up" the line.

2. Resolve the flexible lengths of all the flex items to find their used main size. See § 9.7 Resolving Flexible Lengths.

9.4. Cross Size Determination

1. Determine the hypothetical cross size of each item by performing layout as if it were an in-flow block-level box with the used main size and the given available space, treating auto as fit-content.
2. Calculate the cross size of each flex line.

   If the flex container is single-line and has a definite cross size, the cross size of the flex line is the flex container’s inner cross size.

   Otherwise, for each flex line:

   1. Collect all the flex items whose inline-axis is parallel to the main-axis, whose align-self is baseline, and whose cross-axis margins are both non-auto. Find the largest of the distances between each item’s baseline and its hypothetical outer cross-start edge, and the largest of the distances between each item’s baseline and its hypothetical outer cross-end edge, and sum these two values.
   2. Among all the items not collected by the previous step, find the largest outer hypothetical cross size.
   3. The used cross-size of the flex line is the largest of the numbers found in the previous two steps and zero.

      If the flex container is single-line, then clamp the line’s cross-size to be within the container’s computed min and max cross sizes. Note that if CSS 2.1’s definition of min/max-width/height applied more generally, this behavior would fall out automatically.

3. Handle 'align-content: stretch'. If the flex container has a definite cross size, align-content is stretch, and the sum of the flex lines' cross sizes is less than the flex container’s inner cross size, increase the cross size of each flex line by equal amounts such that the sum of their cross sizes exactly equals the flex container’s inner cross size.
4. Collapse visibility:collapse items. If any flex items have visibility: collapse, note the cross size of the line they’re in as the item’s strut size, and restart layout from the beginning.

   In this second layout round, when collecting items into lines, treat the collapsed items as having zero main size. For the rest of the algorithm following that step, ignore the collapsed items entirely (as if they were display:none) except that after calculating the cross size of the lines, if any line’s cross size is less than the largest strut size among all the collapsed items in the line, set its cross size to that strut size.

   Skip this step in the second layout round.

5. Determine the used cross size of each flex item. If a flex item has align-self: stretch, its computed cross size property is auto, and neither of its cross-axis margins are auto, the used outer cross size is the used cross size of its flex line, clamped according to the item’s used min and max cross sizes. Otherwise, the used cross size is the item’s hypothetical cross size.

   If the flex item has align-self: stretch, redo layout for its contents, treating this used size as its definite cross size so that percentage-sized children can be resolved.

   Note that this step does not affect the main size of the flex item, even if it has a preferred aspect ratio.

9.5. Main-Axis Alignment

1. Distribute any remaining free space. For each flex line:
   1. If the remaining free space is positive and at least one main-axis margin on this line is auto, distribute the free space equally among these margins. Otherwise, set all auto margins to zero.
   2. Align the items along the main-axis per justify-content.

9.6. Cross-Axis Alignment

1. Resolve cross-axis auto margins. If a flex item has auto cross-axis margins:
   • If its outer cross size (treating those auto margins as zero) is less than the cross size of its flex line, distribute the difference in those sizes equally to the auto margins.
   • Otherwise, if the block-start or inline-start margin (whichever is in the cross axis) is auto, set it to zero. Set the opposite margin so that the outer cross size of the item equals the cross size of its flex line.
2. Align all flex items along the cross-axis per align-self, if neither of the item’s cross-axis margins are auto.
3. Determine the flex container’s used cross size using the rules of the formatting context in which it participates. If a content-based cross size is needed, use the sum of the flex lines' cross sizes.
4. Align all flex lines per align-content.

9.7. Resolving Flexible Lengths

To resolve the flexible lengths of the items within a flex line:

1. Determine the used flex factor. Sum the outer hypothetical main sizes of all items on the line. If the sum is less than the flex container’s inner main size, use the flex grow factor for the rest of this algorithm; otherwise, use the flex shrink factor.
2. Each item in the flex line has a target main size, initially set to its flex base size. Each item is initially unfrozen and may become frozen.

   Note: An item’s target main size doesn’t change after freezing.

3. Size inflexible items. Freeze, setting its target main size to its hypothetical main size…
   • any item that has a flex factor of zero
   • if using the flex grow factor: any item that has a flex base size greater than its hypothetical main size
   • if using the flex shrink factor: any item that has a flex base size smaller than its hypothetical main size
4. Calculate initial free space. Sum the outer sizes of all items on the line, and subtract this from the flex container’s inner main size. For frozen items, use their outer target main size; for other items, use their outer flex base size.
5. Loop:
   1. Check for flexible items. If all the flex items on the line are frozen, free space has been distributed; exit this loop.
   2. Calculate the remaining free space as for initial free space, above. If the sum of the unfrozen flex items’ flex factors is less than one, multiply the initial free space by this sum. If the magnitude of this value is less than the magnitude of the remaining free space, use this as the remaining free space.
   3. If the remaining free space is non-zero, distribute it proportional to the flex factors:

      If using the flex grow factor

      For every unfrozen item on the line, find the ratio of the item’s flex grow factor to the sum of the flex grow factors of all unfrozen items on the line. Set the item’s target main size to its flex base size plus a fraction of the remaining free space proportional to the ratio.

      If using the flex shrink factor

      For every unfrozen item on the line, multiply its flex shrink factor by its inner flex base size, and note this as its scaled flex shrink factor. Find the ratio of the item’s scaled flex shrink factor to the sum of the scaled flex shrink factors of all unfrozen items on the line. Set the item’s target main size to its flex base size minus a fraction of the absolute value of the remaining free space proportional to the ratio. Note this may result in a negative inner main size; it will be corrected in the next step.

   4. Fix min/max violations. Clamp each non-frozen item’s target main size by its used min and max main sizes and floor its content-box size at zero. If the item’s target main size was made smaller by this, it’s a max violation. If the item’s target main size was made larger by this, it’s a min violation.
   5. Freeze over-flexed items. The total violation is the sum of the adjustments from the previous step ∑(clamped size - unclamped size). If the total violation is:

      Zero

      Freeze all items.

      Positive

      Freeze all the items with min violations.

      Negative

      Freeze all the items with max violations.

      Note: This freezes at least one item, ensuring that the loop makes progress and eventually terminates.

   6. Return to the start of this loop.
6. Set each item’s used main size to its target main size.

9.8. Definite and Indefinite Sizes

Although CSS Sizing [CSS-SIZING-3] defines definite and indefinite lengths, Flexbox has several additional cases where a length can be considered definite:

1. If the flex container has a definite main size, then the post-flexing main sizes of its flex items are treated as definite.

2. If a flex-item’s flex basis is definite, then its post-flexing main size is also definite.

3. If a single-line flex container has a definite cross size, the automatic preferred outer cross size of any stretched flex items is the flex container’s inner cross size (clamped to the flex item’s min and max cross size) and is considered definite.

4. Once the cross size of a flex line has been determined, the cross sizes of items in auto-sized flex containers are also considered definite for the purpose of layout; see step 11.

Note: This means that within flex layout, “definite” sizes can require performing layout. This was done to allow percentages inside of flex items to resolve where authors expected them to resolve.

9.9. Intrinsic Sizes

The intrinsic sizing of a flex container is used to produce various types of content-based automatic sizing, such as shrink-to-fit logical widths (which use the fit-content formula) and content-based logical heights (which use the max-content size). For these computations, auto margins on flex items are treated as 0.

See [CSS-SIZING-3] for a definition of the terms in this section.

9.9.1. Flex Container Intrinsic Main Sizes

The max-content main size of a flex container is, fundamentally, the smallest size the flex container can take such that when flex layout is run with that container size, each flex item ends up at least as large as its max-content contribution, to the extent allowed by the items’ flexibility.

It is calculated, considering only non-collapsed flex items, by:

1. For each flex item, subtract its outer flex base size from its max-content contribution size. If that result is positive, divide by its flex grow factor (if dividing by zero, treat the result as infinity); if negative, divide by its scaled flex shrink factor (if dividing by zero, treat the result as negative infinity). This is the item’s desired flex fraction.
2. Place all flex items into lines of infinite length. Within each line, find the greatest (most positive) desired flex fraction among all the flex items. This is the line’s chosen flex fraction.
3. If the sum of the line’s flex grow factors (flex shrink factors, if the chosen flex fraction is negative) is less than 1, multiply the chosen flex fraction by that sum.
4. Add each item’s flex base size to the product of its flex grow factor (scaled flex shrink factor, if shrinking) and the chosen flex fraction, then clamp that result by the max main size floored by the min main size.
5. The flex container’s max-content size is the largest sum (among all the lines) of the afore-calculated sizes of all items within a single line.

The min-content main size of a single-line flex container is calculated identically to the max-content main size, except that the flex items’ min-content contributions are used instead of their max-content contributions.

However, for a multi-line container, the min-content main size is simply the largest min-content contribution of all the non-collapsed flex items in the flex container. For this purpose, each item’s contribution is capped by the item’s flex base size if the item is not growable, floored by the item’s flex base size if the item is not shrinkable, and then further clamped by the item’s min and max main sizes.

9.9.2. Flex Container Intrinsic Cross Sizes

The min-content/max-content cross size of a single-line flex container is the largest min-content contribution/max-content contribution (respectively) of its flex items.

For a multi-line flex container, the min-content/max-content cross size is the sum of the flex line cross sizes resulting from sizing the flex container under a cross-axis min-content constraint/max-content constraint (respectively). However, if the flex container is flex-flow: column wrap;, then it’s sized by first finding the largest min-content/max-content cross-size contribution among the flex items (respectively), then using that size as the available space in the cross axis for each of the flex items during layout.

Note: This heuristic for column wrap flex containers gives a reasonable approximation of the size that the flex container should be, with each flex item ending up as min(item’s own max-content, maximum min-content among all items), and each flex line no larger than its largest flex item. It’s not a perfect fit in some cases, but doing it completely correct is insanely expensive, and this works reasonably well.

9.9.3. Flex Item Intrinsic Size Contributions

The main-size min-content contribution of a flex item is the larger of its outer min-content size and outer preferred size if that is not auto, clamped by its min/max main size.

The main-size max-content contribution of a flex item is the larger of its outer max-content size and outer preferred size if that is not auto, clamped by its min/max main size.

10. Fragmenting Flex Layout

Flex containers can break across pages between items, between lines of items (in multi-line mode), and inside items. The break-* properties apply to flex containers as normal for block-level or inline-level boxes. This section defines how they apply to flex items and the contents of flex items. See the CSS Fragmentation Module for more context [CSS3-BREAK].

The following breaking rules refer to the fragmentation container as the “page”. The same rules apply in any other fragmentation context. (Substitute “page” with the appropriate fragmentation container type as needed.) For readability, in this section the terms "row" and "column" refer to the relative orientation of the flex container with respect to the block flow direction of the fragmentation context, rather than to that of the flex container itself.

The exact layout of a fragmented flex container is not defined in this level of Flexible Box Layout. However, breaks inside a flex container are subject to the following rules (interpreted using order-modified document order):

• In a row flex container, the break-before and break-after values on flex items are propagated to the flex line. The break-before values on the first line and the break-after values on the last line are propagated to the flex container.

  Note: Break propagation (like text-decoration propagation) does not affect computed values.

• In a column flex container, the break-before values on the first item and the break-after values on the last item are propagated to the flex container. Forced breaks on other items are applied to the item itself.
• A forced break inside a flex item effectively increases the size of its contents; it does not trigger a forced break inside sibling items.
• In a row flex container, Class A break opportunities occur between sibling flex lines, and Class C break opportunities occur between the first/last flex line and the flex container’s content edges. In a column flex container, Class A break opportunities occur between sibling flex items, and Class C break opportunities occur between the first/last flex items on a line and the flex container’s content edges. [CSS3-BREAK]
• When a flex container is continued after a break, the space available to its flex items (in the block flow direction of the fragmentation context) is reduced by the space consumed by flex container fragments on previous pages. The space consumed by a flex container fragment is the size of its content box on that page. If as a result of this adjustment the available space becomes negative, it is set to zero.
• If the first fragment of the flex container is not at the top of the page, and none of its flex items fit in the remaining space on the page, the entire fragment is moved to the next page.
• When a multi-line column flex container breaks, each fragment has its own "stack" of flex lines, just like each fragment of a multi-column container has its own row of column boxes.
• Aside from the rearrangement of items imposed by the previous point, UAs should attempt to minimize distortion of the flex container with respect to unfragmented flow.

10.1. Sample Flex Fragmentation Algorithm

This informative section presents a possible fragmentation algorithm for flex containers. Implementors are encouraged to improve on this algorithm and provide feedback to the CSS Working Group.

Appendix A: Axis Mappings

This appendix is non-normative.

Appendix B: -webkit- Legacy Properties

This appendix is normative.

These aliases are deprecated and authors should not use them unless their content needs to support actively-used legacy UAs.

For compatibility with general Web content, UAs that are Web browsers must and other UAs may implement the following legacy name aliases:

Acknowledgments

Thanks for feedback and contributions to

Erik Anderson, Christian Biesinger, Tony Chang, Phil Cupp, Arron Eicholz, James Elmore, Andrew Fedoniouk, Brian Heuston, Shinichiro Hamaji, Daniel Holbert, Ben Horst, John Jansen, Brad Kemper, Kang-hao Lu, Markus Mielke, Peter Moulder, Robert O’Callahan, Christoph Päper, Ning Rogers, Peter Salas, Elliott Sprehn, Morten Stenshorne, Christian Stockwell, Ojan Vafai, Eugene Veselov, Greg Whitworth, Boris Zbarsky.

Changes

This section documents the changes since previous publications.

Changes since the 19 November 2018 CR

A Disposition of Comments is available. Significant changes include:

• Correctly ignore auto preferred sizes in both min and max size contribution calculations. (It was accidentally omitted from the max, though it shows up correctly in the changelog...) (Issue 6455)
• Moved the order property definition to [CSS-DISPLAY-3]. See § 5.4 Item Reordering: the order property for remaining explanation. (Issue 5865)
• Made main size always definite for flex items with a definite flex basis, to match implementations. (Issue 4311)

  1. If the flex container has a definite main size, then the post-flexing main sizes of its flex items are treated as definite a flex item’s post-flexing main size is treated as definite, even though it can rely on the indefinite sizes of any flex items in the same line .
  2. If a flex-item’s flex basis is definite, then its post-flexing main size is also definite.

  Note: The main size of a fully inflexible item with a definite flex basis is, by definition, definite.

  Note: This means that within flex layout, “definite” sizes can require performing layout. This was done to allow percentages inside of flex items to resolve where authors expected them to resolve.

• Updated value syntax in property definition tables to use newer CSS bracketed range notation reflecting the prose restrictions on negative values. (Editorial.)
• Updated aspect ratio terminology to use the term preferred aspect ratio, and clarify any uses that are specific to replaced elements, in order to accommodate forthcoming aspect-ratio property.
• Explicitly excluded collapsed flex items from the intrinsic main size calculations. (Issue 5985)

  The max-content main size of a flex container is the smallest size the flex container can take while maintaining the max-content contributions of its flex items, insofar as allowed by the items’ own flexibility. Considering only non-collapsed flex items:

  However, for a multi-line container, it is simply the largest min-content contribution of all the non-collapsed flex items in the flex container.

• Clarified that the flex base size calculations rely on the used cross size. (Issue 3736)

  … then the flex base size is calculated from its used inner cross size and the flex item’s intrinsic aspect ratio.

• Slightly restructured the prose in § 9.7 Resolving Flexible Lengths to fix errors. (Issue 5179)
• Clarified that “performing layout” means using the block-level layout rules. (Issue 5188)

  Determine the hypothetical cross size of each item by performing layout as if it were an in-flow block-level box with the used main size and the given available space …

• Rewrote flex-contain cross-sizing step to depend on the rules of whatever formatting context it’s in, rather than assuming block-layout rules. (Issue 5190)

  Determine the flex container’s used cross size using the rules of the formatting context in which it participates. If a content-based cross size is needed, use the sum of the flex lines' cross sizes.

  • If the cross size property is a definite size, use that, clamped by the used min and max cross sizes of the flex container.
  • Otherwise, use the sum of the flex lines' cross sizes, clamped by the used min and max cross sizes of the flex container.

• Removed explicit mention of which box to use for calculating aspect-ratio, to allow for behavior introduced by the new aspect-ratio property in [css-sizing-4]. (Issue 5246)

  then the flex base size is calculated from its used inner cross size and the flex item’s intrinsic aspect ratio.

• Clarified that the content-based minimum size of a flex item is a type of intrinsic size contribution, and thus impacted by associated rules in [CSS-SIZING-3]. (Issue 5665)

  Note: The content-based minimum size is a type of intrinsic size contribution, and thus the provisions in CSS Sizing 3 § 5.2 Intrinsic Contributions apply.

• Redrafted the definition of content-based minimum size for easier reading. (Editorial)
• Added Appendix B: -webkit- Legacy Properties to document -webkit- aliases of flex layout properties that are necessary for Web-compat. (Issue 5634)
• Rephrased blockification rules in terms of computed values. (Issue 4065)
• Various minor editorial fixes and clarifications,

Changes since the 16 October 2017 CR

A Disposition of Comments is also available.

• Removed the option for flex-item block-axis margins and paddings to be resolved against the block dimension; they must be resolved against the inline dimension, as for blocks. (Issue 2085)
• Floored flex item’s min-content contribution by their preferred size (Issue 2353) and cleaned up associated wording to be more precise.

  The main-size min-content contribution of a flex item is the larger of its outer min-content size and outer preferred size (its width/height as appropriate) if that is not auto , clamped by its flex base size as a maximum (if it is not growable) and/or as a minimum (if it is not shrinkable), and then further clamped by its min/max main size properties.

  The main-size max-content contribution of a flex item is the larger of its outer max-content size and outer specified preferred size (its width/height as appropriate , ) if that is definite not auto , clamped by its flex base size as a maximum (if it is not growable) and/or as a minimum (if it is not shrinkable), and then further clamped by its min/max main size properties.

• Added some (effectively informative) prose and a cross-reference to more clearly define flex-basis: content.

  Indicates automatic sizing an automatic size based on the flex item’s content. (It is typically equivalent to the max-content size, but with adjustments to handle aspect ratios, intrinsic sizing constraints, and orthogonal flows; see details in § 9 Flex Layout Algorithm.)

• Moved the definition of the auto keyword for min-width and min-height to [CSS-SIZING-3]. The definition of what an automatic minimum size for flex items is remains here. (Issue 1920, Issue 2103)
• Altered the computation of auto in min-width and min-height such that it always computes to itself—although its resolved value remains zero on CSS2 display types. (Issue 2230, Issue 2248)
• Clarified that min/max clamping is according to the used value of the min/max size properties—which in the case of tables with auto layout, is floored by the table’s min-content size. (Issue 2442)
• Clarified that break propagation does not affect computed values and that order-modified document order is used. (Issue 2614)

  The exact layout of a fragmented flex container is not defined in this level of Flexible Box Layout. However, breaks inside a flex container are subject to the following rules (interpreted using order-modified document order) :

  • In a row flex container, the break-before and break-after values on flex items are propagated to the flex line. The break-before values on the first line and the break-after values on the last line are propagated to the flex container.

    Note: Break propagation (like text-decoration propagation) does not affect computed values.

• Clarified that if the automatic minimum size resolves directly to zero rather than being a content-based minimum size, it does not cause indefiniteness.

  For the purpose of calculating an intrinsic size of the element (e.g. the element’s min-content size), this value a content-based minimum size causes the element’s size in that axis to become indefinite (even if e.g. its width property specifies a definite size).

• Editorial improvements to the automatic minimum size. (Issue 2385)
• Some minor editorial fixes and clarifications, including updates to vocabulary to match updates to other CSS modules.

Changes since the 26 May 2016 CR

A Disposition of Comments is also available.

Substantive Changes and Bugfixes

• To allow flex factors to actually represent absolute ratios of flex item sizes as was originally intended (see various examples), removed the flooring of content-box sizes at zero for the purpose of finding the item’s flex base size, since this type of ratio requires a flex base size of zero, which would otherwise only be possible if margins, borders, and padding are also all zero. (The flooring remains in effect, alongside the min and max size constraints, in calculating the hypothetical and final sizes of the item.) (Issue 316)

  When determining the flex base size, the item’s min and max main size properties are ignored (no clamping occurs). Furthermore, the sizing calculations that floor the content box size at zero when applying box-sizing are also ignored. (For example, an item with a specified size of zero, positive padding, and box-sizing: border-box will have an outer flex base size of zero—and hence a negative inner flex base size.)

  The hypothetical main size is the item’s flex base size clamped according to its min and max main size properties (and flooring the content box size at zero) .

  Fix min/max violations. Clamp each non-frozen item’s target main size by its min and max main size properties and floor its content-box size at zero . If the item’s target main size was made smaller by this, it’s a max violation. If the item’s target main size was made larger by this,

• To prevent empty flex items in shrink-to-fit containers from collapsing to zero even when given a specified size, the specified size is now accounted for in calculating its max-content contribution in § 9.9.3 Flex Item Intrinsic Size Contributions. (Issue 1435)

  The main-size max-content contribution of a flex item is the larger of its outer max-content size and specified size (its width/height as appropriate, if that is definite) , clamped by its flex base size as a maximum (if it is not growable) and/or as a minimum (if it is not shrinkable), and then further clamped by its min/max main size properties.

• Since at least two implementations ended up allowing percentages inside flex items with indefinite flex basis to resolve anyway, removed the condition requiring definite flex basis. (Issue 1679)

  If a flex item has a definite flex basis and the flex container has a definite main size, its a flex item’s post-flexing main size is treated as definite (even though it might technically rely on the sizes of indefinite siblings to resolve its flexed main size the indefinite sizes of any flex items in the same line).

• For ease of implementation, auto value of align-self now computes to itself always. See related previous change requiring this computation for absolutely-positioned elements. (Issue 440, Issue 644)

  Computed value:	auto computes to parent’s align-items value; otherwise as specified

  …

  On absolutely positioned elements, a value of auto computes to itself. On all other elements, a value of auto for align-self computes to the value of align-items on the element’s parent, or stretch if the element has no parent.

• Change flex items in orthogonal flows and flex items without a baseline to both synthesize their alignment baseline from the flex item’s border box. (Issue 373)
• Fix main/cross error in definition of cross-axis baseline set. (Issue 792)

  Otherwise, the flex container has no first/last main cross -axis baseline set…

• Restore accidentally-deleted text about tables as flex items. See anonymous box change. (Issue 547)

  In the case of flex items with display: table, the table wrapper box becomes the flex item, and the order and align-self properties apply to it. The contents of any caption boxes contribute to the calculation of the table wrapper box’s min-content and max-content sizes. However, like width and height, the flex longhands apply to the table box as follows: the flex item’s final size is calculated by performing layout as if the distance between the table wrapper box’s edges and the table box’s content edges were all part of the table box’s border+padding area, and the table box were the flex item.

• Clarified that auto margins are treated as zero for the purpose of calculating a absolutely-positioned flex container child’s static position. (Issue 665)

  For this purpose, a value of align-self: auto is treated identically to start , and auto margins are treated as zero .

• When clamping by the max main size property in the calculation of the flex container’s intrinsic size, be sure to floor by the min main size property. (Issue 361)

  Within each line, find the largest max-content flex fraction among all the flex items. Add each item’s flex base size to the product of its flex grow factor (or scaled flex shrink factor, if the chosen max-content flex fraction was negative) and the chosen max-content flex fraction, then clamp that result ing item size according to by the max and min main size propert y ies .

• Added missing edits for change that made order not apply to absolutely-positioned children of a flex container. (Issue 1439)

  Applies to:	flex items and absolutely-positioned children of flex containers

  The order property controls the order in which children of a flex container flex items appear within the flex container, by assigning them to ordinal groups. …

  Absolutely-positioned children of a flex container are treated as having order: 0 for the purpose of determining their painting order relative to flex items.

  Unless otherwise specified by a future specification, this property has no effect on boxes that are not children of a flex container flex items .

• Take flex-direction into account when determining first/last baseline of the flex container. (Issue 995)

  To this end, the baselines of a flex container are determined as follows (after reordering with order , and taking flex-direction into account ):

  …

  1. If any of the flex items on the flex container’s first/last startmost/endmost flex line participate in baseline alignment, the flex container’s first/last main-axis baseline set …
  2. Otherwise, if the flex container has at least one flex item, the flex container’s first/last main-axis baseline set is generated from the alignment baseline of the first/last startmost/endmost flex item. …
  3. Otherwise, the flex container has no first/last main-axis baseline set, …

  …

  1. If the flex container has at least one flex item, the flex container’s first/last cross-axis baseline set is generated from the alignment baseline of the first/last startmost/endmost flex item. …

• Define align-content: space-between handling of a single flex line as equivalent to start. (Issue 718)

  Lines are evenly distributed in the flex container. If the leftover free-space is negative or there is only a single flex line in the flex container, this value is identical to flex-start.

• Fixed error in axis mapping table. (Issue 205)
• Restored definition of the automatic minimum size of boxes with neither specified size nor aspect ratio, which was lost in earlier rewrite. (Issue 671)

Clarifications

• Made sure that main size and cross size are defined for flex containers as well as for flex items. (Issue 981)
• Tweaked final clarifying sentence of note about spatial navigation. (Issue 1677)

  User agents, including browsers, accessible technology, and extensions, may offer spatial navigation features. This section does not preclude respecting the order property when determining element ordering in such spatial navigation modes; indeed it would need to be considered for such a feature to work. However a UA that uses order in determining sequential navigation, but does not otherwise account for spatial relationships among elements (as expressed by the various layout features of CSS including and not limited to flex layout), is non-conforming. But order is not the only (or even the primary) CSS property that would need to be considered for such a spatial navigation feature. A well-implemented spatial navigation feature would need to consider all the layout features of CSS that modify spatial relationships.

• Miscellaneous trivial editorial improvements.

Changes since the 1 March 2016 CR

A Disposition of Comments is also available.

Substantive Changes and Bugfixes

• Define how percentages are handled when calculating intrinsic automatic minimum sizes. (Issue 3)

  For the purpose of calculating an intrinsic size of the element (e.g. the element’s min-content size), this value causes the element’s size in that axis to become indefinite (even if e.g. its width property specifies a definite size). Note this means that percentages calculated against this size will be treated as auto.

  Nonetheless, although this may require an additional layout pass to re-resolve percentages in some cases, this value (like the min-content, max-content, and fit-content values defined in [CSS-SIZING-3]) does not prevent the resolution of percentage sizes within the item.

• Switched definite and indefinite to refer to the (more correct) definitions in [CSS-SIZING-3] instead of defining them inline in this module. (Issue 10)
• Abspos children of a flexbox no longer respond to the order property. (Issue 12)
• Updated § 8.5 Flex Container Baselines to account for baseline sets and last-baseline alignment. (Issue 13))

Clarifications

• Clarify that spatial navigation modes are allowed to handle order. (Issue 1)

  User agents, including browsers, accessible technology, and extensions, may offer spatial navigation features. This section does not preclude respecting the order property when determining element ordering in such spatial navigation modes; indeed it would need to be considered for such a feature to work. However a UA that uses order in determining sequential navigation, but does not otherwise account for spatial relationships among elements (as expressed by the various layout features of CSS including and not limited to flex layout), is non-conforming.

• Cross-reference an additional case of definiteness in § 9.8 Definite and Indefinite Sizes (Issue 2)

  Once the cross size of a flex line has been determined, items in auto-sized flex containers are also considered definite for the purpose of layout; see step 11.

• Improve wording for how unresolveable percentage flex basis values transmute to content. (Issue 6)

  For all values other than auto and content (defined above), flex-basis is resolved the same way as width in horizontal writing modes [CSS2], except that if a value would resolve to auto for width, it instead resolves to content for flex-basis . For example, percentage values of flex-basis are resolved against the flex item’s containing block (i.e. its flex container); and if that containing block’s size is indefinite, the result is the same as a main size of auto (which in this case is treated as content) the used value for flex-basis is content .

• Clarify that inflexible items with a definite flex basis have a definite size. (Issue 8, Issue 11)

  A flex item is fully inflexible if both its flex-grow and flex-shrink values are zero, and flexible otherwise.

  The main size of a fully inflexible item with a definite flex basis is, by definition, definite.

• Reworded definition of the auto value to be easier to understand. (Issue 9)

  On a flex item whose overflow is visible in the main axis, when specified on the flex item’s main-axis min-size property, the following table gives the minimum size … specifies an automatic minimum size.

  In general, the automatic minimum size … defined below:

• Slightly reworded the section on determining the static position of absolutely-positioned children to be clearer.
• Adjusted format of Animatable lines to be clearer about animating keywords.
• Miscellaneous trivial editorial improvements.

Changes since the 14 May 2015 LCWD

A Disposition of Comments is also available.

Substantive Changes and Bugfixes

• Revert flex shorthand change of omitted flex-basis back to 0, since that was a hacky way of solving an intrinsic size problem, and isn’t needed (and gives bad results) given a correct implementation of § 9.9 Intrinsic Sizes. (Issue 13)

  When omitted from the flex shorthand, its specified value is 0%.

  flex: <positive-number>

  Equivalent to flex: <positive-number> 1 0%.

• Changed flex item determination to operate on each element directly, and not on its anonymous wrapper box, if any. (Issue 6)

  • float and clear have no effect on a flex item, float and clear do not create floating or clearance of flex item, and do not take it out-of-flow. However, the float property can still affect box generation by influencing the display property’s computed value.

  Some values of display trigger the creation of anonymous boxes around the original box. It’s the outermost box—the direct child of the flex container box—that becomes a flex item. For example, given two contiguous child elements with display: table-cell, the anonymous table wrapper box generated around them [CSS2] becomes the flex item.

  In the case of flex items with display: table, the table wrapper box becomes the flex item, and the order and align-self properties apply to it. The contents of any caption boxes contribute to the calculation of the table wrapper box’s min-content and max-content sizes. However, like width and height, the flex longhands apply to the table box as follows: the flex item’s final size is calculated by performing layout as if the distance between the table wrapper box’s edges and the table box’s content edges were all part of the table box’s border+padding area, and the table box were the flex item.

  Note: Some values of display normally trigger the creation of anonymous boxes around the original box. If such a box is a flex item, it is blockified first, and so anonymous box creation will not happen. For example, two contiguous flex items with display: table-cell will become two separate display: block flex items, instead of being wrapped into a single anonymous table.

• Defined that any size adjustment imposed by a box’s min-width: auto is consulted when percentage-sizing any of its contents. (Issue 3)

  In order to prevent cycling sizing, the auto value of min-height and max-height does not factor into the percentage size resolution of the box’s contents. For example, a percentage-height block whose flex item parent has height: 120em; min-height: auto will size itself against height: 120em regardless of the impact that min-height might have on the used size of the flex item.

  Although this may require an additional layout pass to re-resolve percentages in some cases, the auto value of min-width and min-height (like the min-content, max-content, and fit-content values defined in [CSS-SIZING-3]) does not prevent the resolution of percentage sizes within the item.

• Correct intrinsic sizing rules to handle inflexible items. (Issue 1)

  The main-size min-content/max-content contribution of a flex item is its outer hypothetical main size when sized under a min-content/max-content constraint (respectively) The main-size min-content/max-content contribution of a flex item is its outer min-content/max-content size, clamped by its flex base size as a maximum (if it is not growable) and/or as a minimum (if it is not shrinkable), and then further clamped by its min/max main size properties .

• Correct errors in flex container main-axis intrinsic sizing. (Issue 1)

  The max-content main size of a flex container is the smallest size the flex container can take while maintaining the max-content contributions of its flex items:

  1. For each flex item, subtract its outer flex base size from its max-content contribution size , then divide by its flex grow factor, floored at 1, or by its scaled flex shrink factor (if the result was negative, flooring the flex shrink factor at 1 if necessary) . If that result is not zero, divide it by (if the result was positive) its flex grow factor floored at 1, or (if the result was negative) by its scaled flex shrink factor, having floored the flex shrink factor at 1. This is the item’s max-content flex fraction.

• Correct errors in flex container cross-axis intrinsic sizing, and specify commonly-implemented min-content sizing heuristic for multi-line column flex containers. (Issue 12)

  The min-content cross size and max-content cross size of a flex container are the cross size of the flex container after performing layout into the given available main-axis space and infinite available cross-axis space.

  The min-content/max-content cross size of a single-line flex container is the largest min-content contribution/max-content contribution (respectively) of its flex items.

  For a multi-line flex container, the min-content/max-content cross size is the sum of the flex line cross sizes resulting from sizing the flex container under a cross-axis min-content constraint/max-content constraint (respectively). However, if the flex container is flex-flow: column wrap;, then it’s sized by first finding the largest min-content/max-content cross-size contribution among the flex items (respectively), then using that size as the available space in the cross axis for each of the flex items during layout.

  This heuristic for column wrap flex containers gives a reasonable approximation of the size that the flex container should be, with each flex item ending up as min(item’s own max-content, maximum min-content among all items), and each flex line no larger than its largest flex item. It’s not a perfect fit in some cases, but doing it completely correct is insanely expensive, and this works reasonably well.

• Add explicit conformance criteria on authoring tools to keep presentation and DOM order in sync unless author explicitly indicates a desire to make them out-of-sync. (Issue 8)

  In order to preserve the author’s intended ordering in all presentation modes, authoring tools—including WYSIWYG editors as well as Web-based authoring aids—must reorder the underlying document source and not use order to perform reordering unless the author has explicitly indicated that the underlying document order (which determines speech and navigation order) should be out-of-sync with the visual order.

  For example, a tool might offer both drag-and-drop reordering of flex items as well as handling of media queries for alternate layouts per screen size range.

  Since most of the time, reordering should affect all screen ranges as well as navigation and speech order, the tool would perform drag-and-drop reordering at the DOM layer. In some cases, however, the author may want different visual orderings per screen size. The tool could offer this functionality by using order together with media queries, but also tie the smallest screen size’s ordering to the underlying DOM order (since this is most likely to be a logical linear presentation order) while using order to determine the visual presentation order in other size ranges.

  This tool would be conformant, whereas a tool that only ever used order to handle drag-and-drop reordering (however convenient it might be to implement it that way) would be non-conformant.

• Defined that an align-self or justify-self value of auto computes to itself on absolutely-positioned elements, for consistency with future extensions of these properties in [CSS-ALIGN-3]. (Issue 5)

  On absolutely positioned elements, a value of auto computes to itself. On all other elements, a A value of auto for align-self computes to the value of align-items on the element’s parent, or stretch if the element has no parent.

• Revert change to make percentage margins and padding relative to their own axes; instead allow both behaviors. (Issue 11, Issue 16)

  Percentage margins and paddings on flex items are always resolved against their respective dimensions; unlike blocks, they do not always resolve against the inline dimension of their containing block.

  Percentage margins and paddings on flex items can be resolved against either:

  • their own axis (left/right percentages resolve against width, top/bottom resolve against height), or,
  • the inline axis (left/right/top/bottom percentages all resolve against width)

  A user agent must choose one of these two behaviors.

  Note: This variance sucks, but it accurately captures the current state of the world (no consensus among implementations, and no consensus within the CSSWG). It is the CSSWG’s intention that browsers will converge on one of the behaviors, at which time the spec will be amended to require that.

  Authors should avoid using percentages in paddings or margins on flex items entirely, as they will get different behavior in different browsers.

• Handle min/max constraints in sizing flex items.

  • Determine the available main and cross space for the flex items. For each dimension, if that dimension of the flex container’s content box is a definite size, use that; if that dimension of the flex container is being sized under a min or max-content constraint, the available space in that dimension is that constraint; otherwise, subtract the flex container’s margin, border, and padding from the space available to the flex container in that dimension and use that value.

• Correct negation in flex container fragmentation rule: previous definition implied break-inside: avoid behavior in all cases. (Issue 5)

  • If the first fragment of the flex container is not at the top of the page, and some none of its flex items don’t fit in the remaining space on the page, the entire fragment is moved to the next page.

Clarifications

• Miscellaneous minor editorial improvements and fixes to errors in examples.

Changes since the 25 September 2014 LCWD

A Disposition of Comments is also available.

Substantive Changes and Bugfixes

• Reverted flex-basis: auto to its original meaning. Added flex-basis: content keyword to explicitly specify automatic content-based sizing. (Issue 10)
• Made applicability of align-content depend on wrappability rather than number of resulting flex lines. (Issue 4)

  When a flex container has multiple lines, In a multi-line flex container (even one with only a single line), the cross size of each line is the minimum size necessary [...] When a flex container (even a multi-line one) has only one line, In a single-line flex container, the cross size of the line is the cross size of the flex container, and align-content has no effect.

  Note, this property has no effect when the flex container has only a single line. on a single-line flex container.

  Only flex containers with multiple lines multi-line flex containers ever have free space in the cross-axis for lines to be aligned in, because in a flex container with a single line single-line flex container the sole line automatically stretches to fill the space.

  If the flex container has only one flex line (even if it’s a multi-line flex container) is single-line and has a definite cross size, the cross size of the flex line is the flex container’s inner cross size.

  If the flex container has only one flex line (even if it’s a multi-line flex container), is single-line, then clamp the line’s cross-size to be within the container’s computed min and max cross-size properties.

• Removed text that asserted forced breaking behavior, replaced with reference to fragmentation section. This resolves a conflict in the spec. (Issue 18)

  collect consecutive items one by one until the first time that the next collected item would not fit into the flex container’s inner main size, ( or until a forced break is encountered , see § 10 Fragmenting Flex Layout) . [...] A break is forced wherever the CSS2.1 page-break-before/page-break-after [CSS2] or the CSS3 break-before/break-after [CSS3-BREAK] properties specify a fragmentation break.

• Change the flex shrink factor to multiply by the inner (not outer) flex base size. (Issue 9)

  For every unfrozen item on the line, multiply its flex shrink factor by its outer inner flex base size, and note this as its scaled flex shrink factor.

• Add back in missing “n” in “neither”... (Issue 6)

  If the cross size property of the flex item computes to auto, and n either of the cross-axis margins are auto, the flex item is stretched.

• Specify that the flex container’s main size must also be definite for a flex item’s flexed main size to be definite. (Issue 20)

  [If] ... the flex item has a definite flex basis, and the flex container has a definite main size, the flex item’s main size must be treated as definite ...

• Remove the requirement that the flex basis be content for the specified size to be defined. The specified size should always win if it is smaller than the intrinsic size. This is particularly important to maintain author expectations for, e.g. <img src="…" width=40 height=40 title="100x100 image">. (Issue 25)

  If the item’s computed flex-basis is content and its computed main size property is definite, then the specified size is that size

• Remove the requirement that anonymous block creation (for things like display: table-cell) occur before flex item blockification. (Instead, all children now blockify immediately, consistent with abspos/float behavior.)

Clarifications

• Clarify that flex base size is unclamped. (Issue 21)

  When determining the flex base size, the item’s min and max main size properties are ignored (no clamping occurs).

  The hypothetical main size is the item’s flex base size clamped according to its min and max main size properties.

• Restored normative status of note about table wrapper boxes normative; it had been accidentally changed in the previous draft. (Issue 2)
• Removed references to display property longhands, since they will be removed from CSS Display Level 3.
• Change wording to not imply an unnecessary layout pass. (Issue 22)

  Otherwise, lay out size the item into the available space using its used flex basis in place of its main size, treating a value of content as max-content.

• Renamed “clamped size” to “specified size” in the definition of height: auto.
• Various trivial fixes.

Changes since the 25 March 2014 LCWD

A Disposition of Comments is also available.

Substantive Changes and Bugfixes

The following significant changes were made since the 25 March 2014 Last Call Working Draft

• Fixed errors (missing negation, unspecified axis) in definition of min-width: auto. (Issues 11, 18, 30)

  On a flex item whose overflow is not visible in the main axis ,

• Expanded and rewrote definition of min-width: auto to add special handling of items with intrinsic ratios. (Issues 16 and 28)

  On a flex item whose overflow is not visible, the following table gives the minimum size: [see table]
  this keyword specifies as the minimum size the smaller of:

  • the min-content size, or
  • the computed width/height, if that value is definite.

• Adjusted min-width: auto to only apply the computed main size as a minimum in cases where the flex basis was retrieved from the main size property. (Issue 19)

  … is defined if the item’s computed flex-basis is auto and its computed main size property is definite …

• Defined that any size adjustment imposed by a box’s min-width: auto is not consulted when percentage-sizing any of its contents. (Issue 27) This change was later reverted with an opposite definition.

  In order to prevent cycling sizing, the auto value of min-height and max-height does not factor into the percentage size resolution of the box’s contents. For example, a percentage-height block whose flex item parent has height: 120em; min-height: auto will size itself against height: 120em regardless of the impact that min-height might have on the used size of the flex item.

• Introduced extra main-size keyword to flex-basis so that “lookup from main-size property” and “automatic sizing” behaviors could each be explicitly specified. (Issue 20) This change was later reverted with an alternative proposal solving the same problem by instead introducing the content keyword.
• Defined flex items with a definite flex basis to also be definite in the main axis, allowing resolution of percentage-sized children even when the item itself is flexible. (Issue 26)

  If a percentage is going to be resolved against a flex item’s main size, and the flex item has a definite flex basis, the main size must be treated as definite for the purpose of resolving the percentage, and the percentage must resolve against the flexed main size of the flex item (that is, after the layout algorithm below has been completed for the flex item’s flex container, and the flex item has acquired its final size).

• Clamp a single line flexbox’s line cross size to the container’s own min/max, even when the container’s size is indefinite. (Issue 9)

  • The used cross-size of the flex line is the largest of the numbers found in the previous two steps and zero.

    If the flex container has only one flex line (even if it’s a multi-line flex container), then clamp the line’s cross-size to be within the container’s computed min and max cross-size properties. Note that if CSS 2.1’s definition of min/max-width/height applied more generally, this behavior would fall out automatically.

• Fixed various errors in the new Resolving Flexible Lengths section (see March 2014 rewrite to create continuity between flex: 0 and flex: 1) and reverted the editorial structure to match the old Candidate Recommendation. (Issues 3, 4, 8, 10, 15)
• Fixed max-content sizing of flex containers to account for flexing behavior by normalizing per flex fraction rather than merely summing the max-content sizes of the flex items. (Issue 39)
• Updated flex property to accept animations always, now that the discontinuity between 0 and non-0 values has been fixed. (Issue 5)

Clarifications

The following significant changes were made since the 25 March 2014 Last Call Working Draft

• Clarified how the static position of an absolutely-positioned child of a flex container is calculated by introducing an explanation of the effect more closely tied with CSS2.1 concepts and terminology. (Issue 12)

  Its The static position of an absolutely-positioned child of a flex container is calculated by first doing full flex layout without the absolutely-positioned children, then positioning each absolutely-positioned child determined such that the child is positioned as if it were the sole flex item in the flex container, assuming both the child and the flex container were fixed-size boxes of their used size.

  In other words, the static position of an absolutely positioned child of a flex container is determined after flex layout by setting the child’s static-position rectangle to the flex container’s content box, then aligning the absolutely positioned child within this rectangle according to the justify-content value of the flex container and the align-self value of the child itself.

• Clarified application of order to absolutely-positioned children of the flex container. (Note, this behavior was later rescinded.)

  An absolutely-positioned child of a flex container does not participate in flex layout beyond the reordering step . However, it does participate in the reordering step (see order), which has an effect in their painting order.

  The order property controls the order in which flex items children of a flex container appear within their flex container…

  Unless otherwise specified by a future specification, this property has no effect on boxes that are not flex items children of a flex container .

  Note: Absolutely-positioned children of a flex container do not participate in flex layout, but are reordered together with any flex item children.

• Clarified what a stretched flex item is for the purposes of special behavior (like definiteness). (Issue 25)

  If the cross size property of the flex item computes to auto, and either of the cross-axis margins are auto, the flex item is stretched. Its its used value …

Changes since the 18 September 2012 Candidate Recommendation

A Disposition of Comments is also available.

Substantive Changes and Bugfixes

The following significant changes were made since the 18 September 2012 Candidate Recommendation:

• Changed the behavior of the new auto initial value of min-width/min-height to
  • Take into account whether overflow is visible, since when overflow is explicitly handled, it is confusing (and unnecessary) to force enough size to show all the content.
  • Take into account the specified width/height, so that the implied minimum is never greater than the specified size.
  • Compute to itself (not to min-content) on flex items, since they are no longer equivalent (due to above changes).
  (Issue 19)

  auto

  When used as the value of a flex item’s min main size property, this keyword indicates a minimum of the min-content size, to help ensure that the item is large enough to fit its contents.

  It is intended that this will compute to the min-content keyword when the specification defining it ([CSS-SIZING-3]) is sufficiently mature.

  On a flex item whose overflow is not visible, this keyword specifies as the minimum size the smaller of:

  • the min-content size, or
  • the computed width/height, if that value is definite.

• Specified that percentage margins/paddings on flex items are resolved against their respective dimensions, not the inline dimension of the containing block like blocks do. (Issue 16)

  Percentage margins and paddings on flex items are always resolved against their respective dimensions; unlike blocks, they do not always resolve against the inline dimension of their containing block.

• Pass definiteness of a single-line flex container’s size through to any stretched items. (Issue 3)

  As a special case for handling stretched flex items, if a single-line flex container has a definite cross size, the outer cross size of any flex items with align-self: stretch is the flex container’s inner cross size (clamped to the flex item’s min and max cross size) and is considered definite.

• Allow percentages inside a stretched auto-height flex item to resolve by requiring a relayout pass. (Issue 3)

  If the flex item has align-self: stretch, redo layout for its contents, treating this used size as its definite cross size so that percentage-sized children can be resolved.

  Note that this step does not affect the main size of the flex item, even if it has an intrinsic aspect ratio.

• Allow intrinsic aspect ratios to inform the main-size calculation. (Issue 8)

  If the flex item has ...

  • an intrinsic aspect ratio,
  • a flex basis of auto, and
  • a definite cross size

  then the flex base size is calculated from its inner cross size and the flex item’s intrinsic aspect ratio.

• Define hypothetical main size when the main size depends on the cross size. (Issue 23)

  If a cross size is needed to determine the main size (e.g. when the flex item’s main size is in its block axis) and the flex item’s cross size is auto and not definite, in this calculation use fit-content as the flex item’s cross size.

• Defined the intrinsic sizes of flex containers.

  Determine the main size of the flex container using its main size property. In this calculation, the min content main size of the flex container is the maximum of the flex container’s items' min-content size contributions, and the max content main size of the flex container is the sum of the flex container’s items' max-content size contributions. The min-content/max-content main size contribution of an item is its outer hypothetical main size when sized under a min-content/max-content constraint (respectively). For this computation, ‘auto’ margins on flex items are treated as ‘0’.

  The max-content main size of a flex container is the sum of the flex container’s items' max-content contributions in the main axis. The min-content main size of a single-line flex container is the sum of the flex container’s items' min-content contributions in the main axis; for a multi-line container, it is the largest of those contributions.

  The min-content cross size and max-content cross size of a flex container are the cross size of the flex container after performing layout into the given available main-axis space and infinite available cross-axis space.

  The main-size min-content/max-content contribution of a flex item is its outer hypothetical main size when sized under a min-content/max-content constraint (respectively).

  See [CSS-SIZING-3] for a definition of the terms in this section.

• Correct an omission in the flex-line size determination, so a single-line flexbox will size to its contents if it doesn’t have a definite size.

  If the flex container has only one flex line (even if it’s a multi-line flex container) and has a definite cross size , the cross size of the flex line is the flex container’s inner cross size.

• Flex lines have their size floored at 0. (Issue 2)

  The used cross-size of the flex line is the larger largest of the numbers found in the previous two steps and zero .

• Flex items paint like inline blocks rather than blocks. (Issue 18)

  Flex items paint exactly the same as block-level elements in the normal flow inline blocks [CSS2] .

• An omitted flex-basis component of the flex shorthand now resolves to 0% instead of 0px. Because percentages resolved against indefinite sizes behave as auto, this gives better behavior in shrink-wrapped flex containers. (Issue 20)

  When omitted from the flex shorthand, its specified value is 0% the length zero .

  flex: <positive-number>

  Equivalent to flex: <positive-number> 1 0px0%.

  Note: This change was reverted.
• Defined that an unresolvable percentage flex base size is treated as auto.

  percentage values of flex-basis are resolved against the flex item’s containing block, i.e. its flex container, and if that containing block’s size is indefinite, the result is undefined the same as a main size of auto .

• Simplified the static position of abspos children of flex containers to be consistent with Grid Layout. (Issue 6)

  An absolutely-positioned child of a flex container does not participate in flex layout beyond the reordering step.

  However, if both left and right or both top and bottom are auto, then the used value of those properties are computed from its static position, as follows:

  If both left and right are auto, the flex item must be positioned so that its main-start or cross-start edge (whichever is in the horizontal axis) is aligned with the static position. If both top and bottom are auto, the flex item must be positioned so that its main-start or cross-start edge (whichever is in the vertical axis) is aligned with the static position.

  In the main axis,

  1. If there is a subsequent in-flow flex item on the same flex line, the static position is the outer main-start edge of that flex item.
  2. Otherwise, if there is a preceding in-flow flex item on the same flex line, the static position is the outer main-end edge of that flex item.
  3. Otherwise, the static position is determined by the value of justify-content on the flex container as if the static position were represented by a zero-sized flex item.

  In the cross axis,

  1. If there is a preceding in-flow flex item, the static position is the cross-start edge of the flex line that item is in.
  2. Otherwise, the static position is the cross-start edge of the first flex line.

  The static position is intended to more-or-less match the position of an anonymous 0×0 in-flow flex-start-aligned flex item that participates in flex layout, the primary difference being that any packing spaces due to justify-content: space-around or justify-content: space-between are suppressed around the hypothetical item: between it and the next item if there is a real item after it, else between it and the previous item (if any) if there isn’t.

  Its static position is calculated by first doing full flex layout without the absolutely-positioned children, then positioning each absolutely-positioned child as if it were the sole flex item in the flex container, assuming both the child and the flex container were fixed size boxes of their used size.

  For example, by default, the static position of an absolutely positioned child aligns it to the main-start/cross-start corner, corresponding to the default values of justify-content and align-content on the flex container. Setting justify-content:center on the flex container, however, would center it in the main axis.

• Changed algorithm for resolving flexible lengths to make behavior continuous as the sum of the flex factors approaches zero. (No change for a sum ≥ 1.) (Issue 30) Replaces this section with this one.

Clarifications

The following significant clarifications were also made:

• Absolutely positioned children of a flex container are no longer called "flex items" (to avoid terminology confusion). (??)

  Name:	order
  Applies to:	flex items and absolutely-positioned children of flex containers

  Re-order the flex items and absolutely positioned flex container children according to their order.

• Clarified that float still affects the computed display (which may affect box-fixup rules that run prior to flex item determination). (Issue 7)

  float and clear have no effect on a flex item , and do not take it out-of-flow. However, the float property can still affect box generation by influencing the display property’s computed value.

• Clarify what is meant by “white space”. (Issue 26)

  However, an anonymous flex item that contains only white space (i.e. characters that can be affected by the white-space property) is not rendered, as if it were display:none.

• Clarified that table anonymous box generation occurs in place of computed value conversion for internal table elements.
• Clarified interaction of flex item determination with display-inside / display-outside (the new longhands of display defined in the CSS Display Module Level 3).

  If the specified display-outside of an in-flow child of an element that generates a flex container is inline-level, it computes to block-level. (This effectively converts any inline display values to their block equivalents.)

  Note: This change was reverted.
• Clarified that overflow applies to flex containers.
• Clarified that ::first-line and ::first-letter pseudo-elements do not apply to flex containers (because they are not block containers).
• Clarify that stretch checks for the computed value of the cross-size property being auto, which means that percentage cross-sizes that behave as auto (because they don’t resolve against definite sizes) aren’t stretched. (Issue 5)

  stretch

  If the cross size property of the flex item is computes to auto, its used value is …

  Determine the used cross size of each flex item. If a flex item has align-self: stretch, its computed cross size property is auto, and …

• Clarify that the rules of the formatting context are used for determining the flex container’s main size.

  Determine the main size of the flex container using the rules of the formatting context in which it participates its main size property .

• Clarified that order-modified document order is used instead of raw document order when painting. (This was already stated in the order section, but not in the section explicitly about painting order.)
• Clarified line-breaking to precisely handle negatively-sized flex items and zero-size items at the end of a line. (Issue 1)

  Otherwise, starting from the first uncollected item, collect consecutive items one by one until the first time that the next collected item would not fit into the flex container’s inner main size, or until a forced break is encountered. If the very first uncollected item wouldn’t fit, collect just it into the line as many consecutive flex items as will fit or until a forced break is encountered (but collect at least one) into the flex container’s inner main size into a flex line .

  Note that items with zero main size will never start a line unless they’re the very first items in the flex container, or they’re preceded by a forced break. The "collect as many" line will collect them zero-sized flex items onto the end of the previous line even if the last non-zero item exactly "filled up" the line.

• Clarified that flex container cross sizes are still clamped by the flex container’s min/max properties. (Issue 24)

  • If the cross size property is a definite size, use that, clamped by the min and max cross size properties of the flex container .
  • Otherwise, use the sum of the flex lines' cross sizes, clamped by the min and max cross size properties of the flex container .

11. Privacy and Security Considerations

Flexbox introduces no new privacy leaks, or security considerations beyond "implement it correctly".