CSS Containment Module Level 1

1. Introduction

Efficiently rendering a website relies on the user agent being able to detect what parts of the page are being displayed, which parts might affect the currently-displayed section, and what can be ignored.

There are various heuristics that can be used to guess when a given sub-tree is independent of the rest of the page in some manner, but they’re fragile, so innocuous changes to a page may inadvertently make it fail such heuristic tests, causing rendering to fall into a slow code path. There are also many things that would be good to isolate which are difficult or impossible to detect in a heuristic manner.

To alleviate these problems and allow strong, predictable isolation of a subtree from the rest of the page, this specification defines a contain property.

1.1. Value Definitions

This specification follows the CSS property definition conventions from [CSS2] using the value definition syntax from [CSS-VALUES-3]. Value types not defined in this specification are defined in CSS Values & Units [CSS-VALUES-3]. Combination with other CSS modules may expand the definitions of these value types.

In addition to the property-specific values listed in their definitions, all properties defined in this specification also accept the CSS-wide keywords as their property value. For readability they have not been repeated explicitly.

2. Strong Containment: the contain property

Tests

The following tests are crash tests that relate to general usage of this feature but are not particularly tied to any particular normative statement.

Name:	contain
Value:	none \| strict \| content \| [ size \|\| layout \|\| paint ]
Initial:	none
Applies to:	See below
Inherited:	no
Percentages:	n/a
Computed value:	the keyword none or one or more of size, layout, paint
Canonical order:	per grammar
Animation type:	not animatable

Tests

User agents are expected to support this property on all media, including non-visual ones.

The contain property allows an author to indicate that an element and its contents are, as much as possible, independent of the rest of the document tree. This allows user agents to utilize much stronger optimizations when rendering a page using contain properly, and allows authors to be confident that their page won’t accidentally fall into a slow code path due to an innocuous change.

none

This value indicates that the property has no effect. The element renders as normal, with no containment effects applied.

strict

This value computes to size layout paint, and thus turns on all forms of containment for the element.

Tests

content

This value computes to layout paint, and thus turns on all forms of containment except size containment for the element.

Tests

Note: contain: content is reasonably "safe" to apply widely; its effects are fairly minor in practice, and most content won’t run afoul of its restrictions. However, because it doesn’t apply size containment, the element can still respond to the size of its contents, which can cause layout-invalidation to percolate further up the tree than desired. Use contain: strict when possible, to gain as much containment as you can.

size

The value turns on size containment for the element. This ensures that the containment box can be laid out without needing to examine its descendants.

Tests

layout

This value turns on layout containment for the element. This ensures that the containment box is totally opaque for layout purposes; nothing outside can affect its internal layout, and vice versa.

Tests

paint

This value turns on paint containment for the element. This ensures that the descendants of the containment box don’t display outside its bounds, so if an element is off-screen or otherwise not visible, its descendants are also guaranteed to be not visible.

Tests

This property generally applies to all elements (including CSS Pseudo-Elements 4 § 4.1 Generated Content Pseudo-elements: ::before and ::after), although some types of containment have no effect on some elements, as detailed in § 3 Types of Containment. In addition, in the case of [SVG2], the contain property only applies to svg elements that have an associated CSS layout box.

contain is useful when used widely on a page, particularly when a page contains a lot of "widgets" which are all independent.

For example, assume a micropost social network had markup something like this:

<body>
  <aside>...</aside>
  <section>
    <h2>Messages</h2>
    <article>
      Lol, check out this dog: images.example.com/jsK3jkl
    </article>
    <article>
      I had a ham sandwich today. #goodtimes
    </article>
    <article>
      I have political opinions that you need to hear!
    </article>
    …
  </section>
</body>

There are probably a lot of messages displayed on the site, but each is independent and won’t affect anything else on the site. As such, each can be marked with contain: content to communicate this to the user agent, so it can optimize the page and skip a lot of computation for messages that are off-screen. If the size of each message is known ahead of time, contain: strict can be applied to communicate further restrictions.

Additionally, when the used value of the contain property on either the HTML html or body elements is anything other than none, propagation of properties from the body element to the initial containing block, the viewport, or the canvas background, is disabled. Notably, this affects:

writing-mode, direction, and text-orientation (see CSS Writing Modes 3 § 8 The Principal Writing Mode)
overflow and its longhands (see CSS Overflow 3 § 3.3 Overflow Viewport Propagation)
background and its longhands (see CSS Backgrounds 3 § 2.11.2 The Canvas Background and the HTML <body> Element)

Tests

Note: Propagation to the initial containing block, the viewport, or the canvas background, of properties set on the html element itself is unaffected.

3. Types of Containment

There are several varieties of containment that an element can be subject to, restricting the effects that its descendants can have on the rest of the page in various ways. Containment enables much more powerful optimizations by user agents, and helps authors compose their page out of functional units, as it limits how widely a given change can affect a document.

Specification authors introducing new properties or mechanisms need to consider whether and how the various types of containment affect what they are introducing, and include in their specification any effect not described here.

3.1. Size Containment

Giving an element size containment makes its principal box a size containment box and has the following effects:

The intrinsic sizes of the size containment box are determined as if the element had no content, following the same logic as when sizing as if empty.

Note: This affects explicit invocations of the min-content or max-content keywords, as well as any calculation that depends on these measurement, such as sizing grid tracks into which a size contained item is placed, or if fit-content sizing the containment box’s parent.
Tests
Laying out a size containment box and its content is conceptually done in two phases:
Sizing as if empty
The used width and height of the containment box are determined as if performing a normal layout of the box, except that it is treated as having no content—not even through pseudo elements such as ::before, ::after, or ::marker.
Tests
Replaced elements must be treated as having a natural width and height of 0 and no natural aspect ratio.

Note: Size containment only suppresses the natural aspect ratio, so properties like aspect-ratio which affect that preferred aspect ratio directly are honored.
Tests
All CSS properties of the size containment box are taken into account as they would be when performing layout normally. Other specifications may make specific exemptions.
Tests
- contain-size-replaced-006.html (live test) (source)
Note: Even when the element’s sizing properties specify an intrinsic size, this does not necessarily make the element zero-sized: properties set on the element itself continue to be taken into account, which can cause it to be larger.
Tests
Laying out in-place
The containment box's content (including any pseudo-elements) must then be laid out into the now fixed-size containment box normally.
Tests
- contain-size-064.html (live test) (source)
Note: Size containment does not suppress baseline alignment. See layout containment for that.
Tests
Size containment boxes are monolithic (See CSS Fragmentation 3 § 4.1 Possible Break Points).
Tests

Given the following markup and style, the image would be sized to 100px by 100px, as the aspect ratio set by the aspect-ratio property takes effect.

img {
  width: 100px;
  aspect-ratio: 1/1;
  contain: size;
}

<img src="https://www.example.com/300x100.jpg">

If the aspect-ratio property had not been declared, the image would have been 100px by 0px, as its natural aspect ratio is suppressed, and its natural height is treated as 0.

However, giving an element size containment has no effect if any of the following are true:

if the element does not generate a principal box (as is the case with display: contents or display: none)
if its inner display type is table
Tests
- contain-size-012.html (live test) (source)
- contain-size-012b.html (live test) (source)
if its principal box is an internal table box
Tests
if its principal box is an internal ruby box or a non-atomic inline-level box
Tests

Note: Internal table boxes, which do not include table captions, are excluded, because the table layout algorithm does not allow boxes to become smaller than their inflow content. Sizing a table cell as if it was empty and then laying out its content inside without changing the size is effectively an undefined operation. Manually setting the width or height properties to 0 cannot make it smaller than its content. This concern does not apply to table captions, which are perfectly capable of having a fixed size that is independent of their content.

Tests

3.1.1. Possible Size-Containment Optimizations

This section is non-normative.

By itself, size containment does not offer much optimization opportunity. Its primary benefit on its own is that tools which want to lay out the containment box's contents based on the containment box's size (such as a JS library implementing the "container query" concept) can do so without fear of "infinite loops", where having a child’s size respond to the size of the containment box causes the containment box's size to change as well, possibly triggering further changes in how the child sizes itself and possibly thus more changes to the containment box's size, ad infinitum.

When paired with layout containment, though, possible optimizations that can be enabled include (but are not limited to):

When the style or contents of a descendant of the containment box is changed, calculating what part of the DOM tree is "dirtied" and might need to be re-laid out can stop at the containment box.
When laying out the page, if the containment box is off-screen or obscured, the layout of its contents (i.e. "laying out in-place") can be delayed or done at a lower priority.

3.2. Layout Containment

Giving an element layout containment makes its principal box a layout containment box and has the following effects:

The layout containment box establishes an independent formatting context.
Tests
If at least one fragmentation container of a fragmentation context has layout containment, or if at least one fragmentation container of a fragmentation context is a descendant of layout containment box and at least one subsequent fragmentation container of the same fragmentation context is not a descendant of that same element with layout containment, then the first layout containment box which is either a fragmentation container itself or is an ancestor of a fragmentation container must “trap” the remainder of the fragmented flow: fragmentation must not continue past the layout containment boundary, and the last fragmentation container within the first layout containment boundary is treated as if it is the last fragmentation container in its fragmentation context.

If subsequent fragmentation containers in the fragmentation context are only generated when more content remains in the fragmented flow, then they are not generated. If they would exist regardless, they remain part of the fragmentation context, but do not receive any content from the fragmented flow.

Note: At the time of writing, no stable specification is affected by this point. Only specifications that would enable some (but not all) fragmentation containers of a fragmentation context to be layout-contained (or descendants of a layout contained element) are concerned. This is not the case of [CSS-PAGE-3] nor of [CSS-MULTICOL-1]. This requirement is nonetheless included because several mechanisms that would make this a possibility have been considered (e.g.: [CSS-REGIONS-1], ::nth-fragment(), a hypothetical selector for individual columns of a multicol…), and the guarantees that layout containment is intended to offer would not be realized if such mechanisms did not abide by this rule. [CSS-REGIONS-1] has details over how layout containment affects regions.
```
<article>Lorem ipsum…</article>
<div id=a></div>
<aside>
  <div id=b></div>
  <div id=c></div>
</aside>
<aside>
  <div id=d></div>
  <div id=e></div>
</aside>
<div id=f></div>
```
```
article {flow-into: foo;}
#a, #b, #c, #d, #e, #f {flow-from: foo;}
aside {contain: layout}
```
In this [CSS-REGIONS-1] example, content can flow from #a to #b, from #b to #c. However as #c is the last fragment container in the first layout containment box it traps all the remaining content, and nothing gets flowed into #d, #e, or #f.
If the computed value of the overflow property is either visible or clip or a combination thereof, any overflow must be treated as ink overflow.
Tests
The layout containment box establishes an absolute positioning containing block and a fixed positioning containing block.
Tests
The layout containment box creates a stacking context.
Tests
Forced breaks are allowed within layout containment boxes but do not propagate to the parent as otherwise described in CSS Fragmentation 3 § 3.1 Breaks Between Boxes: the break-before and break-after properties.
Tests
- contain-layout-breaks-001.html (live test) (source)
- contain-layout-breaks-002.html (live test) (source)
Note: This introduces the previously non-existent possibility that forced breaks may occur between a box and its container (See CSS Fragmentation 3 § 4.1 Possible Break Points).
For the purpose of the vertical-align property, or any other property whose effects need to relate the position of the layout containment box's baseline to something other than its descendants, the containment box is treated as having no baseline.
Tests

However, giving an element layout containment has no effect if any of the following are true:

if the element does not generate a principal box (as is the case with display: contents or display: none)
Tests
if its principal box is an internal table box other than table-cell
Tests
if its principal box is an internal ruby box or a non-atomic inline-level box
Tests

3.2.1. Possible Layout-Containment Optimizations

This section is non-normative.

Possible optimizations that can be enabled by layout containment include (but are not limited to):

When laying out the page, the contents of separate containment boxes can be laid out in parallel, as they’re guaranteed not to affect each other.
When laying out the page, if the containment box is off-screen or obscured and the layout of the visible parts of the screen do not depend on the size of the containment box (for example, if the containment box is near the end of a block container, and you’re viewing the beginning of the block container), the layout of the containment box' contents can be delayed or done at a lower priority.

(When paired with size containment, this optimization can be applied more liberally.)

3.3. Paint Containment

Giving an element paint containment makes its principal box a paint containment box and has the following effects:

The contents of the element including any ink or scrollable overflow must be clipped to the padding edge of the paint containment box, taking corner clipping into account. This does not include the creation of any mechanism to access or indicate the presence of the clipped content; nor does it inhibit the creation of any such mechanism through other properties, such as overflow, resize, or text-overflow.
Tests
- contain-paint-050.html (live test) (source)
Note: The next level of this specification [CSS-CONTAIN-2] refines this effect to apply to the overflow clip edge rather than the padding edge, in order to take the new overflow-clip-margin property into account. For implementations that do not support overflow-clip-margin, the effect is identical.

Note: The behavior is described in this paragraph is equivalent to changing overflow-x: visible into overflow-x: clip and overflow-y: visible into overflow-y: clip at used value time, while leaving other values of overflow-x and overflow-y unchanged.
Tests
The paint containment box establishes an absolute positioning containing block and a fixed positioning containing block.
Tests
The paint containment box creates a stacking context.
Tests
The paint containment box establishes an independent formatting context.
Tests

However, giving an element paint containment has no effect if any of the following are true:

if the element does not generate a principal box (as is the case with display: contents or display: none)
Tests
- contain-paint-ignored-cases-no-principal-box-001.html (live test) (source)
if its principal box is an internal table box other than table-cell
Tests
if its principal box is an internal ruby box or a non-atomic inline-level box
Tests

3.3.1. Possible Paint-Containment Optimizations

This section is non-normative.

Possible optimizations that can be enabled by paint containment include (but are not limited to):

If the containment box is off-screen or obscured, the UA can usually skip trying to paint its contents, as they’re guaranteed to be off-screen/obscured as well.

Note: Some paint effects such as the blur() filter from [FILTER-EFFECTS-1] have non local effects. The user agent needs to keep track of these, as it may need to repaint parts of an element with such a filter when its descendents change, even if they have paint containment and could otherwise be skipped.
Unless the clipped content is made accessible via a separate mechanism such as the overflow, resize, or text-overflow properties, the UA can reserve "canvas" space for the box exactly the box’s size. (In similar, scrollable, situations, like overflow: hidden, it’s possible to scroll to the currently-clipped content, so UAs often predictively overpaint somewhat so there’s something to see as soon as the scroll happens, rather than a frame later.)
Because they are guaranteed to be stacking contexts, scrolling elements can be painted into a single GPU layer.

4. Privacy Considerations

There are no known privacy impacts of the features in this specification.

5. Security Considerations

There are no known security impacts of the features in this specification.

Like any other CSS specification, it affects the rendering of the document, but does not introduce any special ability to present content in a misleading way that was not previously available through other CSS modules and that isn’t inherent to the act of formatting the document.

Appendix A. Changes

This appendix is informative.

Changes from the Recommendation of 25 June 2024

No change yet.

Earlier Changes

Details about earlier changes to this specification can be found in the Changes section of its previous publication.

Tests

WPT tests not applicable to this specification, as they related to later levels.

Conformance

Document conventions

Conformance requirements are expressed with a combination of descriptive assertions and RFC 2119 terminology. The key words “MUST”, “MUST NOT”, “REQUIRED”, “SHALL”, “SHALL NOT”, “SHOULD”, “SHOULD NOT”, “RECOMMENDED”, “MAY”, and “OPTIONAL” in the normative parts of this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119. However, for readability, these words do not appear in all uppercase letters in this specification.

All of the text of this specification is normative except sections explicitly marked as non-normative, examples, and notes. [RFC2119]

Examples in this specification are introduced with the words “for example” or are set apart from the normative text with class="example", like this:

Informative notes begin with the word “Note” and are set apart from the normative text with class="note", like this:

Advisements are normative sections styled to evoke special attention and are set apart from other normative text with <strong class="advisement">, like this: UAs MUST provide an accessible alternative.

Conformance classes

A style sheet is conformant to this specification if all of its statements that use syntax defined in this module are valid according to the generic CSS grammar and the individual grammars of each feature defined in this module.

A renderer is conformant to this specification if, in addition to interpreting the style sheet as defined by the appropriate specifications, it supports all the features defined by this specification by parsing them correctly and rendering the document accordingly. However, the inability of a UA to correctly render a document due to limitations of the device does not make the UA non-conformant. (For example, a UA is not required to render color on a monochrome monitor.)

An authoring tool is conformant to this specification if it writes style sheets that are syntactically correct according to the generic CSS grammar and the individual grammars of each feature in this module, and meet all other conformance requirements of style sheets as described in this module.

Partial implementations

So that authors can exploit the forward-compatible parsing rules to assign fallback values, CSS renderers must treat as invalid (and ignore as appropriate) any at-rules, properties, property values, keywords, and other syntactic constructs for which they have no usable level of support. In particular, user agents must not selectively ignore unsupported component values and honor supported values in a single multi-value property declaration: if any value is considered invalid (as unsupported values must be), CSS requires that the entire declaration be ignored.

Implementations of Unstable and Proprietary Features

Non-experimental implementations

Once a specification reaches the Candidate Recommendation stage, non-experimental implementations are possible, and implementors should release an unprefixed implementation of any CR-level feature they can demonstrate to be correctly implemented according to spec.

To establish and maintain the interoperability of CSS across implementations, the CSS Working Group requests that non-experimental CSS renderers submit an implementation report (and, if necessary, the testcases used for that implementation report) to the W3C before releasing an unprefixed implementation of any CSS features. Testcases submitted to W3C are subject to review and correction by the CSS Working Group.

CSS Containment Module Level 1

Abstract

Status of this document

1. Introduction

1.1. Value Definitions

2. Strong Containment: the contain property

3. Types of Containment

3.1. Size Containment

3.1.1. Possible Size-Containment Optimizations

3.2. Layout Containment

3.2.1. Possible Layout-Containment Optimizations

3.3. Paint Containment

3.3.1. Possible Paint-Containment Optimizations

4. Privacy Considerations

5. Security Considerations

Appendix A. Changes

Changes from the Recommendation of 25 June 2024

Earlier Changes

Conformance

Document conventions

Conformance classes

Partial implementations

Implementations of Unstable and Proprietary Features

Non-experimental implementations

Index

Terms defined by this specification

Terms defined by reference

References

Normative References

Informative References

Property Index