CSS Form Control Styling Level 1

1. Introduction

This section is non-normative.

User agents have long provided non-standard ways of styling form controls. However, all of these controls are implemented inconsistently across user agents, creating unnecessary friction for authors.

This module aims to define a set of form control parts in enough detail that they can be used interoperably.

It also defines some new ways of customizing form controls, covering common use cases that were previously only possible by implementing custom controls from scratch, which was a lot of work, hard to get right, and often broke either accessibility or platform conventions.

2. Opting Into Basic Appearance: the appearance: base value

Move definition of appearance here.

When applied on a form control, base puts that control in the basic appearance state.

A control that has basic appearance is consistently styleable using standard CSS and the pseudo-elements defined below, and applies overridable default styles that are consistent across UAs. When a control is in that state, the user agent applies styles from the Appendix A: Basic Appearance User Agent Stylesheet to that control.

The user agent must also enable the pseudo-elements defined by § 4 Pseudo-Elements. These pseudo-elements (excluding ::picker()) always inherit appearance from their originating element. The user agent may implement this using an appearance: inherit !important declaration.

NOTE: The inheritance prevents authors from mixing native and non-native parts for the same control.

2.1. Design Principles for the Basic Appearance

The following design principles apply to the design of the basic appearance stylesheet for form controls, in approximate order of descending importance:

1. The styles are identical in every user agent.

2. The controls are recognizable and usable on their own without additional styles.

3. The controls pass 100% of WCAG 2.2 AA standards.

4. The styles are consistent across controls…

   1. …in look & feel.

   2. …in how they are defined in code.

   3. …in sizing and interaction.

5. The styles are easily adapted to the website’s branding, without needing complex reset stylesheets:

   1. They use minimal code and are easy to override.

   2. They do not have a strong voice & tone of their own, and are visually as simple as possible.

   3. They inherit page styles rather than define new styles whenever possible.

   4. They are resilient to adjustments…

      1. …when changed themselves (e.g. changing font, border, layout).

      2. …when put in context (e.g. ready to be flex or grid children).

6. They are comprehensive:

   1. Covering all states for each control.

   2. Supporting all writing modes and color schemes.

For HTML form controls specifically, these principles are applied through the required user agent stylesheet defined in Appendix A: Basic Appearance User Agent Stylesheet.

2.2. Examples

Refine these examples through implementation, experimentation, bikeshedding and improvements to the user agent stylesheet.

The main purpose of these examples is to show how the design principles for the basic appearance apply in practice.

To apply the basic appearance on individual controls, the following code is used:

input, textarea, meter, progress, button, select {
  appearance: base;
}

NOTE: The form layout used by the following examples is not detailed.

2.2.1. Default User Agent Colors

Here are the basic appearance colors inheriting respectively the default light and dark mode colors from the root element:

2.2.2. Color/Font Customization

Here are some examples of customization being done on top of the basic appearance:

form {
  font-family: "American Typewriter";
  background-color: rgb(254, 252, 221);
  color: rgb(131, 17, 0);
}

input, textarea, meter, progress, button, select {
  appearance: base;
}

form {
  font-family: "Courier New";
  font-size: 14px;
  background-color: rgb(0, 0, 0);
  color: rgb(0, 249, 0);
}

input, textarea, meter, progress, button, select {
  appearance: base;
}

3. Styling Pickers

3.1. The ::picker() pseudo-element

The ::picker() pseudo-element represents the part of the form control that pops out of the page.

::picker() = ::picker( <form-control-identifier>+ )
<form-control-identifier> = select

The ::picker() pseudo-element only matches when the originating element supports basic appearance and has a popup picker. The specified <form-control-identifier> must also match the unique picker name of the originating element. For example, the unique picker name for the select element is select.

In order for the ::picker() pseudo-element to be rendered, it and its originating element must both have a computed appearance of base.

select, select::picker(select) {
  appearance: base;
}
select::picker(select) {
  border: 5px solid red;
  background-color: blue;
}

NOTE: The non-functional form of ::picker() currently doesn’t work to prevent unintended styling of pickers as new pickers become supported. Once styling for all form control pickers is finalized, this non-functional form will work for all pickers.

4. Pseudo-Elements

Form controls are composed of many parts that authors may want to style separately, hence the need for user agents to provide pseudo-elements for individual form controls.

The section below introduces a set of pseudo-elements that attempts to cover the most common use cases, so they can be addressed in a consistent manner across user agents.

├─ ''::track''
│  └─ ''::fill''
└─ ''::thumb''

Add illustrations.

4.1. Picker Opener Icon: the ::picker-icon pseudo-element

The ::picker-icon pseudo-element represents the part of the control that represents the icon denoting the presence of the picker. It is only generated when the originating element has basic appearance and if it opens a picker. It is a fully styleable pseudo-element and inherits from its originating element.

::picker-icon generates a box as if it was an child of its originating element, after any boxes generated by the ::after pseudo-element, with content as specified by content.

4.2. File Selector Button: the ::file-selector-button pseudo-element

The ::file-selector-button pseudo-element represents the button used to open a file picker, if the UA renders such a button.

It typically targets the button inside an input element with type=file. It is an element-backed pseudo-element.

::file-selector-button { border: 3px solid green }

4.3. Styling Checkmarks: the ::checkmark pseudo-element

The ::checkmark pseudo-element represents an indicator of whether the item is checked, and is present on checkboxes, radios, and option elements.

It is only generated when the originating element supports the :checked pseudo-class, and either has basic appearance or an ancestor with basic appearance. It is a fully styleable pseudo-element and inherits from its originating element.

For checkboxes and radio elements, it generates a box as if it was an child of its originating element, between the boxes generated by the ::before and ::after pseudo-element, with content as specified by content.

For option elements, it generates a box as if it was an child of its originating element, preceding any boxes generated by the ::before pseudo-element, with content as specified by content.

::checkmark { background-image: url(...) }

:indeterminate::checkmark { background-image: url(...) }

4.4. Styling Parts of Slider-Like Controls: the ::thumb, ::track and ::fill pseudo-elements

Naming is still under discussion. [Issue #9830]

Slider-like controls are form controls that represent progress. That progress may be adjustable by the user.

The following pseudo-elements are provided to style their different parts:

::thumb

The ::thumb pseudo-element represents the portion that allows the user to adjust the progress of the control.

NOTE: It is typically natively rendered as a circle in most user agents.

::track

The ::track pseudo-element represents the portion containing both the progressed and unprogressed portions of the control.

::fill

The ::fill pseudo-element represents the portion containing the progressed portion of the control.

When the progress of control is undetermined (like with <progress indeterminate>), the user agent must give this portion an inline-size of zero.

These pseudo-elements are fully styleable pseudo-elements and their structure is the following:

<input type="range">
├─ ::track
│  └─ ::fill
└─ ::thumb

The list of slider-like controls depends on the host language. For HTML, this corresponds to:

• progress

• meter

• input elements with type="range"

• input elements with type="checkbox" switch

4.5. Styling Parts for Text Fields: the ::field-text and ::clear-icon pseudo-elements

::placeholder

The ::placeholder pseudo-element represents the portion of the input that contains the placeholder text.

::field-text

The ::field-text pseudo-element represents the portion of the input that contains the editable text.

::clear-icon

The ::clear-icon pseudo-element represents the portion of the input that allows the user to clear the input when clicked if provided by the user agent.

With appearance: textfield, the user agent must not generate this part.

::field-text and ::clear-icon must be siblings.

Collect parts used by autofill.

Define something for the password visibility toggle for user agents implementing it? [Issue #11845]

Define how ::placeholder interacts with ::field-text. [Issue #11844]

4.6. Styling Parts for textareas: the ::placeholder and ::field-text pseudo-elements

::placeholder

The ::placeholder pseudo-element represents the portion of the textarea that contains the placeholder text.

::field-text

The ::field-text pseudo-element represents the portion of the textarea that contains the editable text.

Define something for the resizer. [Issue #11850]

Define how ::placeholder interacts with ::field-text. [Issue #11844]

4.7. Styling Parts for Number Fields: the ::step-control, ::step-up and ::step-down pseudo-elements

These pseudo-elements are provided for number inputs. They are fully styleable pseudo-elements.

::step-control

The ::step-control pseudo-element represents the portion of a number input that contains the up and down buttons.

::step-up

The ::step-up pseudo-element represents the button that increments the value inside a number input when activated.

::step-down

The ::step-down pseudo-element represents the button that decrements the value inside a number input when activated.

Their structure is defined as follows:

<input type="number">
├─ ::field-text
└─ ::step-control
   ├─ ::step-up
   └─ ::step-down

<input type="number">

input[type=number] {
  appearance: base;
  &::step-control {
    display: contents;
  }
  &::step-up {
    order: 1;
    content: "+";
  }
  &::field-text {
    order: 2;
  }
  &::step-down {
    order: 3;
    content: "-";
  }
}

With appearance: textfield, the user agent must not generate this part.

4.8. Styling Parts for Date/Time Input Fields: the ::field-component and ::field-separator pseudo-elements

::field-component

The ::field-component pseudo-element represents the portions of the control that contain the date/time component values.

::field-separator

The ::field-separator pseudo-element represents the portions of the control that separate the date/time component values if the user agent provides those portions.

Those pseudo-elements are siblings. The exact structure of the control is determined by internationalization and by the host language, but must be consistent across user-agents.

<input type="date">

<input type="date">
├─ ::field-component (08)
├─ ::field-separator (/)
├─ ::field-component (22)
├─ ::field-separator (/)
├─ ::field-component (2024)
└─ ::picker-icon

4.9. Color Swatch: the ::color-swatch pseudo-element

Should the name be ::swatch or ::color-swatch? [Issue #11837]

The ::color-swatch pseudo-element represents the portion of the control that displays the chosen color value.

input[type=color], ::color-swatch { border-radius: 100%; }

4.10. Compatibility With Vendor Pseudo-Element Extensions

When possible, the user agent should use aliasing to implement any non-standard pseudo-elements.

When not possible, the user agent must reserve the standard pseudo-elements for appearance: base and use any non-standard ones for appearance: none.

5. Pseudo-Classes

5.1. Targeting Different Meter States: the :low-value / :high-value / :optimal-value pseudo-classes

Make sure this is able to replicate UA logic. [Issue #11336]

Link these to the HTML definitions.

The :low-value pseudo-class matches on a meter element when its value is under the value specified by the low HTML attribute.

The :high-value pseudo-class matches on a meter element when its value is over the value specified by the high HTML attribute.

The :optimal-value pseudo-class matches on a meter element when its value is in the range determined by the optimum / low / high HTML attributes.

5.2. Targeting Selects that are Listboxes

Define something. [Issue #7422]

6. The control-value() function

This is not ready for implementation, file an issue regarding this.

Consider privacy implications, regarding data exfiltration. [Issue #11860]

Consider adding more types. [Issue #11842]

The control-value() function computes to the current value of the form control it is on. If it is used on an element that is not a form control, it returns an empty string.

<control-value()> = control-value( <type>? )

<type> = '<' [ number | string ] '>'

If used on a pseudo-element, it is evaluated against its originating element.

input[type=range]::after {
  content: control-value();
}

7. Styling Widgets

Move field-sizing/accent-color/input-security into this specification?

7.1. Changing the Orientation of a Slider-Like Control: slider-orientation

Rework this property.

auto

The slider-like control orientation is defined by the writing mode and direction.

left-to-right

The slider-like control is rendered horizontally and ::fill is left-aligned within the control.

right-to-left

The slider-like control is rendered horizontally and ::fill is right-aligned within the control.

top-to-bottom

The slider-like control is rendered vertically and ::fill is top-aligned within the control.

bottom-to-top

The slider-like control is rendered vertically and ::fill is bottom-aligned within the control.

Appendix A: Basic Appearance User Agent Stylesheet

Move to HTML.

This section needs refining with implementation.

Color input styles need refining. [Issue #11837]

Basics

input,
textarea,
button,
::file-selector-button,
select,
meter,
progress {
    color: inherit;
    font: inherit;
    box-sizing: border-box;
    background-color: transparent;
}

Layout

input:not([type=file], [type=range]),
textarea,
button,
::file-selector-button,
::track,
select,
meter,
progress {
  border: 1px solid currentColor;
  background-color: transparent;
}

Sliders

Refine meter, progress, switch and range input styling.

::track {
  height: 1em;
}

::fill {
  height: 100%;
  background-color: currentColor;
}

::thumb {
  border-radius: 0;
  border: none;
  background-color: currentColor;
  appearance: none;
  width: 1em;
  height: 100%;
}

Checkboxes & radios

input:is([type=checkbox]:not([switch]), [type=radio]) {
    width: 1em;
    height: 1em;
    display: inline-flex;
    align-items: center;
    justify-content: center;
    content: '';
}

input[type=radio] {
    border-radius: 100%;
}

input[type=checkbox]:not([switch]):checked::checkmark {
    content: '\2713' / '';
}

input[type=radio]:checked::checkmark {
    background-color: currentColor;
    display: inline-block;
    border-radius: inherit;
    height: 100%;
    width: 100%;
}

Selects & buttons

select {
  /* Base appearance select always sizes based on its contents. */
  field-sizing: content !important;
}

button,
::file-selector-button,
select,
input:is([type="color"], [type="button"], [type="reset"], [type="submit"]) {
  border: 1px solid currentColor;
  background-color: transparent;
  color: inherit;
  /* Padding prevents the text from sticking to the borders.
   * optically centered to account for half leading */
  padding-block: 0.25em;
  padding-inline: 0.5em;

  /* <select>s and <button>s should have border-radius to be
   * distinct from <input>s: https://github.com/w3c/csswg-drafts/issues/10857#issuecomment-2520875011*/
  border-radius: 0.5em;

  /* These min-size rules ensure accessibility by following WCAG rules:
   * https://www.w3.org/WAI/WCAG22/Understanding/target-size-minimum.html
   * The 1.2em is there to make sure that options without text don't change
   * the block size of the button. */
  min-block-size: max(24px, 1lh);
  min-inline-size: 24px;

  /* box-sizing comes from existing UA styles which happen to
   * already be interoperable. */
  box-sizing: border-box;

  /* Push picker icon to the right of the box and have some space
   * in between it and the text. */
  display: inline-flex;
  gap: 1em;

  user-select: none;
}
:is(button, select, input:is([type="color"], [type="button"], [type="reset"], [type="submit"])):enabled:hover,
:enabled::file-selector-button:hover {
  background-color: color-mix(in lab, currentColor 10%, transparent);
}
:is(button, select, input:is([type="color"], [type="button"], [type="reset"], [type="submit"])):enabled:active,
:enabled::file-selector-button:active {
  background-color: color-mix(in lab, currentColor 20%, transparent);
}
:is(button, select, input:is([type="color"], [type="button"], [type="reset"], [type="submit"])):disabled,
:disabled::file-selector-button {
  color: color-mix(in srgb, currentColor 50%, transparent);
}

select > button:first-child {
  /* Prevents button from setting font, color, or background-color */
  all: unset;

  /* Prevents duplicate box decorations */
  display: contents;

  /* Prevents button activation behavior so select can handle events */
  interactivity: inert !important;
}
select option {
  /* These min-size rules ensure accessibility by following WCAG rules:
   * https://www.w3.org/WAI/WCAG22/Understanding/target-size-minimum.html
   * Unset if the author provides a child button element.
   * The 1lh is there to make sure that options without text don't change
   * the block size of the option. */
  min-inline-size: 24px;
  min-block-size: max(24px, 1lh);

  /* Centers text within the block (vertically). From OpenUI discussion:
   * https://github.com/openui/open-ui/issues/1026#issuecomment-2103187647. */
  align-content: center;

  /* centering + gap between checkmark and option content */
  /* also easily reversed, when checkmark should be inline-end */
  display: flex;
  align-items: center;
  gap: 0.5em;

  /* Makes options with long text widen picker instead
   * of making options tall. */
  white-space: nowrap;
}
select option:enabled:hover {
  background-color: color-mix(in lab, currentColor 10%, transparent);
}
select option:enabled:active {
  background-color: color-mix(in lab, currentColor 20%, transparent);
}
select option:disabled {
  color: color-mix(in lab, currentColor 50%, transparent);
}
select option::checkmark {
  content: '\2713' / '';
}
select option:not(:checked)::checkmark {
  visibility: hidden;
}

select optgroup {
  /* font-weight makes optgroups visually distinct from options. */
  font-weight: bolder;
}

select optgroup option {
  /* Undo font-weight:bolder rule from optgroups. */
  font-weight: normal;
}

select legend,
select option {
  /* spacing ownership moves to children */
  /* space inline from border edges */
  /* this creates a full bleed hover highlight */
  padding-inline: 0.5em;
}

select::picker-icon {
  /* margin-inline-start pushes the icon to the right of the box */
  margin-inline-start: auto;
  display: block;
  content: counter(-ua-disclosure-open, disclosure-open);
}

::picker(select) {
  /* Same properties as popover and dialog */
  color: CanvasText;
  background-color: Canvas;
  border: 1px solid;

  /* box-sizing is set to match the button. */
  box-sizing: border-box;

  /* Remove [popover] padding which
   * prevents options from extending to edges */
  padding: 0;

  /* Anchor positioning and scrollbars */
  inset: auto;
  margin: 0;
  min-inline-size: anchor-size(self-inline);
  min-block-size: 1lh;
  /* Go to the edge of the viewport, and add scrollbars if needed. */
  max-block-size: stretch;
  overflow: auto;
  /* Below and span-right, by default. */
  position-area: block-end span-inline-end;
  position-try-order: most-block-size;
  position-try-fallbacks:
    /* First try above and span-right. */
    block-start span-inline-end,
    /* Then below but span-left. */
    block-end span-inline-start,
    /* Then above and span-left. */
    block-start span-inline-start;
}

Changes

Since the First Public Working Draft of 25 March 2025

• Added !important to select buttons inertness.
• Removed "Appendix B: Explorations" with obsolete ideas.

Privacy Considerations

No new privacy considerations have been reported on this specification.

Security Considerations

No new security considerations have been reported on this specification.

Acknowledgements

Thanks to Aditya Keerthi, Anne van Kesteren, Elika Etemad, Jen Simmons, Joey Arhar, Jon Davis, Simon Fraser and Theresa O’Connor for their input on this proposal.

Thanks to Ana Tudor for her detailed analysis of input[type=range] styling.