CSS Exclusions Module Level 1

Editor’s Draft,

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This version:
https://drafts.csswg.org/css-exclusions/
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https://www.w3.org/TR/css3-exclusions/
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Abstract

CSS Exclusions define arbitrary areas around which inline content ([CSS2]) can flow. CSS Exclusions can be defined on any CSS block-level elements. CSS Exclusions extend the notion of content wrapping previously limited to floats.

CSS is a language for describing the rendering of structured documents (such as HTML and XML) on screen, on paper, etc.

Status of this document

This is a public copy of the editors’ draft. It is provided for discussion only and may change at any moment. Its publication here does not imply endorsement of its contents by W3C. Don’t cite this document other than as work in progress.

Please send feedback by filing issues in GitHub (preferred), including the spec code “css-exclusions” in the title, like this: “[css-exclusions] …summary of comment…”. All issues and comments are archived. Alternately, feedback can be sent to the (archived) public mailing list www-style@w3.org.

This document is governed by the 03 November 2023 W3C Process Document.

1. Introduction

This section is not normative.

This specification defines features that allow inline flow content to wrap around outside the exclusion area of elements.

1.1. Value Definitions

This specification follows the CSS property definition conventions from [CSS2] using the value definition syntax from [CSS-VALUES-3]. Value types not defined in this specification are defined in CSS Values & Units [CSS-VALUES-3]. Combination with other CSS modules may expand the definitions of these value types.

In addition to the property-specific values listed in their definitions, all properties defined in this specification also accept the CSS-wide keywords as their property value. For readability they have not been repeated explicitly.

2. Terminology

Exclusion box
A box ([CSS3BOX]) that defines an exclusion area for other boxes. The wrap-flow property is used to make an element’s generated box an exclusion box. An exclusion box contributes its exclusion area to its containing block’s wrapping context. An element with a float computed value other than none does not become an exclusion.
Exclusion area
The area used for excluding inline flow content around an exclusion box. The exclusion area is equivalent to the border box for an exclusion box.

If a user agent implements both CSS Exclusions and CSS Shapes, the shape-outside property defines the exclusion area instead of the border box.

Exclusion element
An exclusion element is a block-level element which is not a float and generates an exclusion box. An element generates an exclusion box when its wrap-flow property’s computed value is not auto.
Wrapping context
The wrapping context of a box is a collection of exclusion areas contributed by its associated exclusion boxes. During layout, a box wraps its inline flow content in the wrapping area that corresponds to the subtraction of its wrapping context from its own content area.

A box inherits its containing block’s wrapping context unless it specifically resets it using the wrap-through property.

Content area
The content area is normally used for layout of the inline flow content of a box.
Wrapping area
The area used for layout of inline flow content of a box affected by a wrapping context, defined by subtracting the wrapping context from its content area.
Outside and inside
In this specification, outside refers to DOM content that is not a descendant of an element while inside refers to the element’s descendants.

3. Exclusions

Exclusion elements define exclusion areas that contribute to their containing block’s wrapping context. As a consequence, exclusions impact the layout of their containing block’s descendants.

Elements lay out their inline content in their content area and wrap around the exclusion areas in their associated wrapping context. If the element is itself an exclusion, it does not wrap around its own exclusion area and the impact of other exclusions on other exclusions is controlled by the z-index property as explained in the 'exclusions order' section.

3.1. Declaring exclusions

An element becomes an exclusion when its wrap-flow property has a computed value other than auto.

3.1.1. The wrap-flow property

Name: wrap-flow
Value: auto | both | start | end | minimum | maximum | clear
Initial: auto
Applies to: block-level elements.
Inherited: no
Percentages: N/A
Computed value: as specified except for element’s whose float computed value is not none, in which case the computed value is auto.
Canonical order: per grammar

The values of this property have the following meanings:

auto
No exclusion is created. Inline flow content interacts with the element as usual. In particular, if the element is a float (see [CSS2]), the behavior is unchanged.
both
Inline flow content can flow on all sides of the exclusion.
start
Inline flow content can flow around the start edge of the exclusion area but must leave the area next to the end edge of the exclusion empty.
end
Inline flow content can flow around the end edge of the exclusion area but must leave the area next to the start edge of the exclusion empty.
minimum
Inline flow content can flow around the edge of the exclusion with the smallest available space within the flow content’s containing block, and must leave the other edge of the exclusion empty.
maximum
Inline flow content can flow around the edge of the exclusion with the largest available space within the flow content’s containing block, and must leave the other edge of the exclusion empty.
clear
Inline flow content can only flow before and after the exclusion in the flow content’s block direction and must leave the areas next to the start and end edges of the exclusion empty.

If the property’s computed value is auto, the element does not become an exclusion.

Otherwise, a computed wrap-flow property value of both, start, end, minimum, maximum or clear on an element makes that element an exclusion element. It’s exclusion area is contributed to its containing block’s wrapping context, causing the containing block’s descendants to wrap around its exclusion area.

LTR text wrapping on left edge, RTL text wrapping on right edge, and vertical text wrapping on top edge.
Exclusion with wrap-flow: start interacting with various writing modes.

Determining the relevant edges of the exclusion depends on the writing mode [CSS3-WRITING-MODES] of the content wrapping around the 'exclusion area'.

An exclusion element establishes a new block formatting context (see [CSS2]) for its content.

General illustration showing how exclusions combine
Combining exclusions

The above figure illustrates how exclusions are combined. The outermost box represents an element’s content box. The A, B, C and D darker gray boxes represent exclusions in the element’s wrapping context. A, B, C and D have their respective wrap-flow computed to both, start, end and clear respectively. The lighter gray areas show the additional areas that are excluded for inline layout as a result of the wrap-flow value. For example, the area to the right of B cannot be used for inline layout of left-to-right writing mode content because the wrap-flow for B is start.

The background blue area shows what areas are available for a left-to-right writing mode element’s inline content layout. All areas represented with a light or dark shade of gray are not available for (left-to-right writing mode) inline content layout.

The wrap-flow property values applied to exclusions as grid items.
<div id="grid">
    <div id="top-right" class="exclusion"></div>
    <div id="bottom-left" class="exclusion"></div>
    <div id="content">Lorem ipsum…</div>
</div>

<style type="text/css">
#grid {
    width: 30em;
    height: 30em;
    display: grid;
    grid-columns: 25% 25% 25% 25%;
    grid-rows: 25% 25% 25% 25%;

#top-right {
    grid-column: 3;
    grid-row: 2;
}

#bottom-left {
    grid-column: 2;
    grid-row: 3;
}

.exclusion {
    wrap-flow: <see below>
}

#content {
    grid-row: 1;
    grid-row-span: 4;
    grid-column: 1;
    grid-column-span: 4;
}
</style>

The following figures illustrate the visual rendering for different values of the wrap-flow property. The gray grid lines are marking the grid cells and the blue area is the exclusion box (positioned by the grid).

.exclusion{ wrap-flow: auto; } .exclusion{ wrap-flow: both; }
Example rendering for wrap-side: auto Example rendering for wrap-side: both
.exclusion{ wrap-flow: start; } .exclusion{ wrap-flow: end; }
Example rendering for wrap-side: start Example rendering for wrap-side: end
.exclusion{ wrap-flow: minimum; } .exclusion{ wrap-flow: maximum; }
Example rendering for wrap-side: minimum Example rendering for wrap-side: maximum
.exclusion{ wrap-flow: clear; }
Example rendering for wrap-side: clear

3.2. Scope and effect of exclusions

An exclusion affects the inline flow content descended from the exclusion’s containing block (defined in CSS 2.1 10.1) and that of all descendant elements of the same containing block. All inline flow content inside the containing block of the exclusions is affected. To stop the effect of exclusions defined outside an element, the wrap-through property can be used (see the propagation of exclusions section below).

As a reminder, for exclusions with position:fixed, the containing block is established by the root element.

3.3. Propagation of Exclusions

By default, an element inherits its parent wrapping context. In other words it is subject to the exclusions defined outside the element.

Setting the wrap-through property to none prevents an element from inheriting its parent wrapping context. In other words, exclusions defined outside the element, have not effect on the element’s children layout.

Exclusions defined by an element’s descendants still contribute to their containing block’s wrapping context. If that containing block is a child of an element with wrap-through computes to none, or the element itself, then exclusion still have an effect on the children of that containing block element.

3.3.1. The wrap-through Property

Name: wrap-through
Value: wrap | none
Initial: wrap
Applies to: block-level elements
Inherited: no
Percentages: N/A
Computed value: as specified
Canonical order: per grammar

The values of this property have the following meanings:

wrap
The element inherits its parent node’s wrapping context. Its descendant inline content wraps around exclusions defined outside the element.
none
The element does not inherit its parent node’s wrapping context. Its descendants are only subject to exclusion areas defined inside the element.
Using the wrap-through property to control the effect of exclusions.

<style type="text/css">
    #grid {
        display: grid;
        grid-columns: 25% 50% 25%;
        grid-rows: 25% 25% 25% 25%;
    }

    #exclusion {
        grid-row: 2;
        grid-row-span: 2;
        grid-column: 2;
        wrap-flow: <see below>
    }

    #rowA, #rowB {
        grid-row-span: 2;
        grid-column: 1;
        grid-column-span: 3;
    }

    #rowA {
        grid-row: 1;
    }

    #rowB {
        grid-row: 3;
    }
    </style>

<style type="text/css">
    .exclusion  {
      wrap-flow: both;
      position: absolute;
      left: 20%;
      top: 20%;
      width: 50%;
      height: 50%;
      background-color: rgba(220, 230, 242, 0.5);
    }
</style>

<div id="grid">
    <div class=”exclusion”></div>
    <div id="rowA" style=”wrap-through: wrap;”> Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet...</div>
    <div id="rowB" style=”wrap-through: none;”> Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet...</div>
</div>

Example rendering of wrap-through: wrap | none

3.4. Exclusions order

Exclusions follow the painting order (See [CSS2] Appendix E). Exclusions are applied in reverse to the document order in which they are defined. The last exclusion appears on top of all other exclusion, thus it affects the inline flow content of all other preceding exclusions or elements descendant of the same containing block. The z-index property can be used to change the ordering of positioned exclusion boxes (see [CSS2]). Statically positioned exclusions are not affected by the z-index property and thus follow the painting order.

Ordering of exclusions.

<style type="text/css">
    .exclusion  {
      wrap-flow: both;
      position: absolute;
      width: 200px;
    }
    .topleft {
      top: 10px;
      left: 10px;
      background-color: lightblue;
    }
    .middle {
      top: 90px;
      left: 90px;
      background-color: lightgreen;
    }
    .bottomright {
      top: 170px;
      left: 170px;
      background-color: pink;
    }
</style>

<div class="exclusion topleft">
    The top left div...
</div>
<div class="exclusion middle">
    The middle div...
</div>
<div class="exclusion bottomright">
    The bottom right div...
</div>
.middle { z-index: auto; } .middle { z-index: 1; }
Example rendering of default exclusion ordering. Example rendering of default exclusion ordering.
Issue-15183

Is the CSS exclusions processing model incorrect?

The current draft provides a model for exclusions without a collision-avoidance model. The existing exclusion model in CSS uses floats, which have both exclusion and collision-avoidance behavior. Concerns have been raised that allowing exclusions without collision avoidance could be harmful, particularly with absolutely-positioned elements. Three options should be considered:

  1. Allow exclusions in positioning schemes with no collision avoidance.
  2. Disallow exclusions in positioning schemes with no collision avoidance.
  3. Define collision-avoidance behavior for positioning schemes without it, and use this behavior by default with exclusions.

3.5. Processing model

3.5.1. Description

Applying exclusions is a two-step process:

3.5.2. Step 1: resolve exclusion boxes belonging to each wrapping context

In this step, the user agent determines which containing block each exclusion area belongs to. This is a simple step, based on the definition of containing blocks and elements with a computed value for wrap-flow that is not auto.

3.5.3. Step 2: resolve wrapping contexts and lay out containing blocks

In this step, starting from the top of the rendering tree (see [CSS2]), the agent processes each containing block in two sub-steps.

3.5.4. Step 2-A: resolve the position and size of exclusion boxes

Resolving the position and size of exclusion boxes in the wrapping context may or may not require a layout. For example, if an exclusion box is absolutely positioned and sized, a layout may not be needed to resolve its position and size. In other situations, laying out the containing block’s content is required.

When a layout is required, it is carried out without applying any exclusion area. In other words, the containing block is laid out without a wrapping context.

Step 2-A yields a position and size for all exclusion boxes in the wrapping context. Each exclusion box is processed in turn, starting from the top-most, and each exclusion area is computed and contributed to the containing block’s wrapping context.

Scrolling is ignored in this step when resolving the position and size of position: fixed exclusion boxes.

Once the containing block’s wrapping context is computed, all exclusion boxes in that wrapping context are removed from the normal flow.

3.5.5. Step 2-B: lay out containing block applying wrapping

Finally, the content of the containing block is laid out, with the inline content wrapping around the wrapping context’s exclusion area.

When the containing block itself is an exclusion box, then rules on exclusions order define which exclusions affect the inline and descendant content of the box.

3.5.6. Processing Model Example

This section illustrates the exclusions processing model with an example. It is meant to be simple. Yet, it contains enough complexity to address the issues of layout dependencies and re-layout.

The code snippet in the following example has two exclusions affecting the document’s inline content.

<html><style>
#d1 {
    position:relative;
    height: auto;
    color: #46A4E9;
    border: 1px solid gray;
}

#e1 {
    wrap-flow: both;
    position: absolute;
    left: 50%;
    top: 50%;
    width: 40%;
    height: 40%;
    border: 1px solid red;
    margin-left: -20%;
    margin-top: -20%;
}

#d2 {
    position: static;
    width: 100%;
    height: auto;
    color: #808080;
}

#e2 {
    wrap-flow: both;
    position: absolute;
    right: 5ex;
    top: 1em;
    width: 12ex;
    height: 10em;
    border: 1px solid lime;
}
</style>
<body>
    <div id="d1">
        Lorem ipsusm ...
        <p id="e1"></p>
    </div>
    <div id="d2">
        Lorem ipsusm ...
        <p id="e2" ></p>
    </div>
</body>
</html>

The following figures illustrate:

DOM tree nodes
DOM tree
Layout tree boxes
Layout tree of generated block boxes
3.5.6.1. Step 1: resolve exclusion boxes belonging to each wrapping context

The figures illustrate how the boxes corresponding to the element sometimes have a different containment hierarchy in the layout tree than in the DOM tree. For example, the box generated by e1 is positioned in its containing block’s box, which is the d1-box, because e1 is absolutely positioned and d1 is relatively positioned. However, while e2 is also absolutely positioned, its containing block is the initial containing block (ICB). See the section 10.1 of the CSS 2.1 specification ([CSS2]) for details.

As a result of the computation of containing blocks for the tree, the boxes belonging to the wrapping contexts of all the elements can be determined:

3.5.6.2. Step 2: resolve wrapping contexts and lay out containing blocks

In this step, each containing block is processed in turn. For each containing block, we (conceptually) go through two phases:

  1. resolve the wrapping context: resolve the position and size of its exclusions
  2. lay out the containing block

In our example, this breaks down to:

  1. resolve the position and size of the exclusions belonging to WC-1: RWC-1 (Resolved Wrapping Context 1).
  2. lay out the initial containing block (i.e., lay out its content):
    1. resolve the html element’s wrapping context: RWC-1
    2. lay out the html element:
      1. resolve the body element’s wrapping context: RWC-1
      2. lay out the body element:
        1. resolve the d1 element’s wrapping context: RWC-2
        2. lay out the d1 element
        3. resolve the d2 element’s wrapping context: RWC-1
        4. lay out the d2 element
3.5.6.2.1. Resolving RWC-1

The top-most wrapping context in the layout tree contains the e2 exclusion. Its position and size needs to be resolved. In general, computing an exclusion’s position and size may or may not require laying out other content. In this example, no content needs to be laid out to resolve the e2 exclusion’s position because it is absolutely positioned and its size can be resolved without layout either. At this point, RWC-1 is resolved and can be used when laying inline content out.

3.5.6.2.2. Resolving RWC-2

The process is similar: the position of the e1 exclusion needs to be resolved. Again, resolving the exclusion’s position and size may require processing the containing block (d1 here). It is the case here because the size and position of e1 depend on resolving the percentage lengths. The percentages are relative to the size of d1’s box. As a result, in order to resolve a size for d1’s box, a first layout of d1 is done without any wrapping context (i.e., no exclusions applied). The layout yields a position and size for e1’s box.

At this point, RWC-2 is resolved because the position and size of both e1 and e2 are resolved.

The important aspect of the above processing example is that once an element’s wrapping context is resolved (by resolving its exclusions' position and size), the position and size of the exclusions are not re-processed if the element’s size changes between the layout that may be done without considering any wrapping context (as for RWC-2) and the layout done with the resolved wrapping context. This is what breaks the possible circular dependency between the resolution of wrapping contexts and the layout of containing blocks.

3.6. Floats and exclusions

3.6.1. Similarities

There are similarities between floats and exclusions in that inline content wraps around floats and also wraps around exclusion areas. However, there are very significant differences.

3.6.2. Differences

3.6.3. Interoperability

3.6.3.1. Effect of floats on exclusions

Floats have an effect on the positioning of exclusions and the layout of their inline content. For example, if an exclusion is an inline-box which happens to be on the same line as a float, its position, as computed in Step 2-A will be impacted by the float, as is any other inline content.

3.6.3.2. Effect of exclusions on floats

Exclusions have an effect on the positioning of floats as they have an effect on inline content. Therefore, in Step 2-B, floats will avoid exclusion areas.

Privacy Considerations

No new privacy considerations have been reported on this specification.

Security Considerations

No new security considerations have been reported on this specification.

Acknowledgments

This specification is made possible by input from Andrei Bucur, Alexandru Chiculita, Arron Eicholz, Daniel Glazman, Arno Gourdol, Chris Jones, Bem Jones-Bey, Marcus Mielke, Alex Mogilevsky, Hans Muller, Mihnea Ovidenie, Virgil Palanciuc, Florian Rivoal, Peter Sorotokin, Bear Travis, Eugene Veselov, Stephen Zilles and the CSS Working Group members.

Changes

Changes from the 15 January 2015 Working Draft

Changes from the 28 May 2013 Working Draft

Changes from the 3 May 2012 Working Draft

Conformance

Document conventions

Conformance requirements are expressed with a combination of descriptive assertions and RFC 2119 terminology. The key words “MUST”, “MUST NOT”, “REQUIRED”, “SHALL”, “SHALL NOT”, “SHOULD”, “SHOULD NOT”, “RECOMMENDED”, “MAY”, and “OPTIONAL” in the normative parts of this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119. However, for readability, these words do not appear in all uppercase letters in this specification.

All of the text of this specification is normative except sections explicitly marked as non-normative, examples, and notes. [RFC2119]

Examples in this specification are introduced with the words “for example” or are set apart from the normative text with class="example", like this:

This is an example of an informative example.

Informative notes begin with the word “Note” and are set apart from the normative text with class="note", like this:

Note, this is an informative note.

Advisements are normative sections styled to evoke special attention and are set apart from other normative text with <strong class="advisement">, like this: UAs MUST provide an accessible alternative.

Tests

Tests relating to the content of this specification may be documented in “Tests” blocks like this one. Any such block is non-normative.


Conformance classes

Conformance to this specification is defined for three conformance classes:

style sheet
A CSS style sheet.
renderer
A UA that interprets the semantics of a style sheet and renders documents that use them.
authoring tool
A UA that writes a style sheet.

A style sheet is conformant to this specification if all of its statements that use syntax defined in this module are valid according to the generic CSS grammar and the individual grammars of each feature defined in this module.

A renderer is conformant to this specification if, in addition to interpreting the style sheet as defined by the appropriate specifications, it supports all the features defined by this specification by parsing them correctly and rendering the document accordingly. However, the inability of a UA to correctly render a document due to limitations of the device does not make the UA non-conformant. (For example, a UA is not required to render color on a monochrome monitor.)

An authoring tool is conformant to this specification if it writes style sheets that are syntactically correct according to the generic CSS grammar and the individual grammars of each feature in this module, and meet all other conformance requirements of style sheets as described in this module.

Partial implementations

So that authors can exploit the forward-compatible parsing rules to assign fallback values, CSS renderers must treat as invalid (and ignore as appropriate) any at-rules, properties, property values, keywords, and other syntactic constructs for which they have no usable level of support. In particular, user agents must not selectively ignore unsupported component values and honor supported values in a single multi-value property declaration: if any value is considered invalid (as unsupported values must be), CSS requires that the entire declaration be ignored.

Implementations of Unstable and Proprietary Features

To avoid clashes with future stable CSS features, the CSSWG recommends following best practices for the implementation of unstable features and proprietary extensions to CSS.

Non-experimental implementations

Once a specification reaches the Candidate Recommendation stage, non-experimental implementations are possible, and implementors should release an unprefixed implementation of any CR-level feature they can demonstrate to be correctly implemented according to spec.

To establish and maintain the interoperability of CSS across implementations, the CSS Working Group requests that non-experimental CSS renderers submit an implementation report (and, if necessary, the testcases used for that implementation report) to the W3C before releasing an unprefixed implementation of any CSS features. Testcases submitted to W3C are subject to review and correction by the CSS Working Group.

Further information on submitting testcases and implementation reports can be found from on the CSS Working Group’s website at http://www.w3.org/Style/CSS/Test/. Questions should be directed to the public-css-testsuite@w3.org mailing list.

Index

Terms defined by this specification

Terms defined by reference

References

Normative References

[CSS-ANCHOR-POSITION-1]
Tab Atkins Jr.; Elika Etemad; Ian Kilpatrick. CSS Anchor Positioning. URL: https://drafts.csswg.org/css-anchor-position-1/
[CSS-BOX-4]
Elika Etemad. CSS Box Model Module Level 4. URL: https://drafts.csswg.org/css-box-4/
[CSS-PAGE-FLOATS-3]
Johannes Wilm. CSS Page Floats. URL: https://drafts.csswg.org/css-page-floats/
[CSS-POSITION-3]
Elika Etemad; Tab Atkins Jr.. CSS Positioned Layout Module Level 3. URL: https://drafts.csswg.org/css-position-3/
[CSS-VALUES-3]
Tab Atkins Jr.; Elika Etemad. CSS Values and Units Module Level 3. URL: https://drafts.csswg.org/css-values-3/
[CSS-VALUES-4]
Tab Atkins Jr.; Elika Etemad. CSS Values and Units Module Level 4. URL: https://drafts.csswg.org/css-values-4/
[CSS2]
Bert Bos; et al. Cascading Style Sheets Level 2 Revision 1 (CSS 2.1) Specification. URL: https://drafts.csswg.org/css2/
[CSS22]
Bert Bos. Cascading Style Sheets Level 2 Revision 2 (CSS 2.2) Specification. URL: https://drafts.csswg.org/css2/
[CSS3-WRITING-MODES]
Elika Etemad; Koji Ishii. CSS Writing Modes Level 3. URL: https://drafts.csswg.org/css-writing-modes-3/
[CSS3BOX]
Elika Etemad. CSS Box Model Module Level 3. URL: https://drafts.csswg.org/css-box-3/
[RFC2119]
S. Bradner. Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels. March 1997. Best Current Practice. URL: https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2119

Informative References

[CSS3-FLEXBOX]
Tab Atkins Jr.; et al. CSS Flexible Box Layout Module Level 1. URL: https://drafts.csswg.org/css-flexbox-1/
[CSS3-GRID-LAYOUT]
Tab Atkins Jr.; et al. CSS Grid Layout Module Level 1. URL: https://drafts.csswg.org/css-grid/

Property Index

Name Value Initial Applies to Inh. %ages Canonical order Com­puted value
wrap-flow auto | both | start | end | minimum | maximum | clear auto block-level elements. no N/A per grammar as specified except for element’s whose float computed value is not none, in which case the computed value is auto.
wrap-through wrap | none wrap block-level elements no N/A per grammar as specified

Issues Index

The current draft provides a model for exclusions without a collision-avoidance model. The existing exclusion model in CSS uses floats, which have both exclusion and collision-avoidance behavior. Concerns have been raised that allowing exclusions without collision avoidance could be harmful, particularly with absolutely-positioned elements. Three options should be considered:

  1. Allow exclusions in positioning schemes with no collision avoidance.
  2. Disallow exclusions in positioning schemes with no collision avoidance.
  3. Define collision-avoidance behavior for positioning schemes without it, and use this behavior by default with exclusions.